Effect of Propolis Nanoparticles against <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> Biofilm in the Root Canal
To determine the antibacterial effect of propolis nanoparticles (PNs) as an endodontic irrigant against <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> biofilm inside the endodontic root canal system. Two-hundred-ten extracted human teeth were sectioned to obtain 6 mm of the middle third of the root. The r...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-01-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/3/715 |
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| author | Abhishek Parolia Haresh Kumar Srinivasan Ramamurthy Thiagarajan Madheswaran Fabian Davamani Malikarjuna Rao Pichika Kit-Kay Mak Amr S Fawzy Umer Daood Allan Pau |
| author_facet | Abhishek Parolia Haresh Kumar Srinivasan Ramamurthy Thiagarajan Madheswaran Fabian Davamani Malikarjuna Rao Pichika Kit-Kay Mak Amr S Fawzy Umer Daood Allan Pau |
| author_sort | Abhishek Parolia |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | To determine the antibacterial effect of propolis nanoparticles (PNs) as an endodontic irrigant against <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> biofilm inside the endodontic root canal system. Two-hundred-ten extracted human teeth were sectioned to obtain 6 mm of the middle third of the root. The root canal was enlarged to an internal diameter of 0.9 mm. The specimens were inoculated with <i>E. faecalis</i> for 21 days. Following this, specimens were randomly divided into seven groups, with 30 dentinal blocks in each group including: group I—saline; group II—propolis 100 µg/mL; group III—propolis 300 µg/mL; group IV—propolis nanoparticle 100 µg/mL; group V—propolis nanoparticle 300µg/mL; group VI—6% sodium hypochlorite; group VII—2% chlorhexidine. Dentin shavings were collected at 200 and 400 μm depths, and total numbers of CFUs were determined at the end of one, five, and ten minutes. The non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests were used to compare the differences in reduction in CFUs between all groups, and probability values of <i>p</i> < 0.05 were set as the reference for statistically significant results. The antibacterial effect of PNs as an endodontic irrigant was also assessed against <i>E. faecalis</i> isolates from patients with failed root canal treatment. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) were also performed after exposure to PNs. A Raman spectroscope, equipped with a Leica microscope and lenses with curve-fitting Raman software, was used for analysis. The molecular interactions between bioactive compounds of propolis (Pinocembrin, Kaempferol, and Quercetin) and the proteins Sortase A and β-galactosidase were also understood by computational molecular docking studies. PN300 was significantly more effective in reducing CFUs compared to all other groups (<i>p</i> < 0.05) except 6% NaOCl and 2% CHX (<i>p</i> > 0.05) at all time intervals and both depths. At five minutes, 6% NaOCl and 2% CHX were the most effective in reducing CFUs (<i>p</i> < 0.05). However, no significant difference was found between PN300, 6% NaOCl, and 2% CHX at 10 min (<i>p</i> > 0.05). SEM images also showed the maximum reduction in <i>E. faecalis</i> with PN300, 6% NaOCl, and 2% CHX at five and ten minutes. CLSM images showed the number of dead cells in dentin were highest with PN300 compared to PN100 and saline. There was a reduction in the 484 cm<sup>−1</sup> band and an increase in the 870 cm<sup>−1</sup> band in the PN300 group. The detailed observations of the docking poses of bioactive compounds and their interactions with key residues of the binding site in all the three docking protocols revealed that the interactions were consistent with reasonable docking and IFD docking scores. PN300 was equally as effective as 6% NaOCl and 2% CHX in reducing the <i>E. faecalis</i> biofilms. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T03:15:58Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-7922b067e34f437899e01b0232813c9d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T03:15:58Z |
| publishDate | 2021-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-7922b067e34f437899e01b0232813c9d2023-12-03T15:20:13ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492021-01-0126371510.3390/molecules26030715Effect of Propolis Nanoparticles against <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> Biofilm in the Root CanalAbhishek Parolia0Haresh Kumar1Srinivasan Ramamurthy2Thiagarajan Madheswaran3Fabian Davamani4Malikarjuna Rao Pichika5Kit-Kay Mak6Amr S Fawzy7Umer Daood8Allan Pau9Division of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, MalaysiaSchool of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, MalaysiaCollege of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, University of Science and Technology of Fujairah, Fujairah, United Arab EmiratesDepartment of Pharmaceutical Technology, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, MalaysiaSchool of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, MalaysiaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, MalaysiaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, MalaysiaUWA Dental School, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, AustraliaDivision of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, MalaysiaSchool of Dentistry, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, MalaysiaTo determine the antibacterial effect of propolis nanoparticles (PNs) as an endodontic irrigant against <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> biofilm inside the endodontic root canal system. Two-hundred-ten extracted human teeth were sectioned to obtain 6 mm of the middle third of the root. The root canal was enlarged to an internal diameter of 0.9 mm. The specimens were inoculated with <i>E. faecalis</i> for 21 days. Following this, specimens were randomly divided into seven groups, with 30 dentinal blocks in each group including: group I—saline; group II—propolis 100 µg/mL; group III—propolis 300 µg/mL; group IV—propolis nanoparticle 100 µg/mL; group V—propolis nanoparticle 300µg/mL; group VI—6% sodium hypochlorite; group VII—2% chlorhexidine. Dentin shavings were collected at 200 and 400 μm depths, and total numbers of CFUs were determined at the end of one, five, and ten minutes. The non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests were used to compare the differences in reduction in CFUs between all groups, and probability values of <i>p</i> < 0.05 were set as the reference for statistically significant results. The antibacterial effect of PNs as an endodontic irrigant was also assessed against <i>E. faecalis</i> isolates from patients with failed root canal treatment. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) were also performed after exposure to PNs. A Raman spectroscope, equipped with a Leica microscope and lenses with curve-fitting Raman software, was used for analysis. The molecular interactions between bioactive compounds of propolis (Pinocembrin, Kaempferol, and Quercetin) and the proteins Sortase A and β-galactosidase were also understood by computational molecular docking studies. PN300 was significantly more effective in reducing CFUs compared to all other groups (<i>p</i> < 0.05) except 6% NaOCl and 2% CHX (<i>p</i> > 0.05) at all time intervals and both depths. At five minutes, 6% NaOCl and 2% CHX were the most effective in reducing CFUs (<i>p</i> < 0.05). However, no significant difference was found between PN300, 6% NaOCl, and 2% CHX at 10 min (<i>p</i> > 0.05). SEM images also showed the maximum reduction in <i>E. faecalis</i> with PN300, 6% NaOCl, and 2% CHX at five and ten minutes. CLSM images showed the number of dead cells in dentin were highest with PN300 compared to PN100 and saline. There was a reduction in the 484 cm<sup>−1</sup> band and an increase in the 870 cm<sup>−1</sup> band in the PN300 group. The detailed observations of the docking poses of bioactive compounds and their interactions with key residues of the binding site in all the three docking protocols revealed that the interactions were consistent with reasonable docking and IFD docking scores. PN300 was equally as effective as 6% NaOCl and 2% CHX in reducing the <i>E. faecalis</i> biofilms.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/3/715dentinal tubule disinfection<i>Enterococcus faecalis</i>propolis nanoparticle |
| spellingShingle | Abhishek Parolia Haresh Kumar Srinivasan Ramamurthy Thiagarajan Madheswaran Fabian Davamani Malikarjuna Rao Pichika Kit-Kay Mak Amr S Fawzy Umer Daood Allan Pau Effect of Propolis Nanoparticles against <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> Biofilm in the Root Canal Molecules dentinal tubule disinfection <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> propolis nanoparticle |
| title | Effect of Propolis Nanoparticles against <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> Biofilm in the Root Canal |
| title_full | Effect of Propolis Nanoparticles against <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> Biofilm in the Root Canal |
| title_fullStr | Effect of Propolis Nanoparticles against <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> Biofilm in the Root Canal |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effect of Propolis Nanoparticles against <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> Biofilm in the Root Canal |
| title_short | Effect of Propolis Nanoparticles against <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> Biofilm in the Root Canal |
| title_sort | effect of propolis nanoparticles against i enterococcus faecalis i biofilm in the root canal |
| topic | dentinal tubule disinfection <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> propolis nanoparticle |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/3/715 |
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