Durability Behaviours of Engineered Cementitious Composites Blended with Carbon Nanotubes against Sulphate and Acid Attacks by Applying RSM Modelling and Optimization
Chemical deterioration, including sulphate and acid attacks, is a major issue affecting the long-term durability of engineered cementitious composite (ECC) constructions that contact water from various sources, including groundwater, seawater, sewer water, and drinking water. This research enhances...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-08-01
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| Series: | Buildings |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/13/8/2032 |
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| author | Naraindas Bheel Bashar S. Mohammed M. S. Liew Noor Amila Wan Abdullah Zawawi |
| author_facet | Naraindas Bheel Bashar S. Mohammed M. S. Liew Noor Amila Wan Abdullah Zawawi |
| author_sort | Naraindas Bheel |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Chemical deterioration, including sulphate and acid attacks, is a major issue affecting the long-term durability of engineered cementitious composite (ECC) constructions that contact water from various sources, including groundwater, seawater, sewer water, and drinking water. This research enhances ECCs’ strength and resilience against chemical attack by combining cementitious composites with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibre volume fractions using multiobjective optimization. The central composite design (CCD) of RSM was applied to generate thirteen mixes of different potential combinations of factors (multiwalled CNTs: 0.05% to 0.08%, PVA: 1–2%) and eight outcome responses were studied, although eight response models—six quadratic and two linear—were successfully designed and assessed using analysis of variance. The coefficients associated with R<sup>2</sup> for all the models were exceptionally high, with values varying from 84 to 99 percent. The multiobjective optimization predicted the best outcomes and developed optimal values for both variables (CNTs: 0.05% and PVA: 1%). The results showed that, at 0.05% of CNTs in ECCs, an ultimate improvement of 23% in compressive strength was seen. Additionally, when CNTs are used to grow in the ECC matrix, the expansion owing to sulphate resistance and length change due to acid attack are both reduced. In addition, when the percentage of CNTs increases in ECCs, the weight loss and pH value owing to acid attack, as well as the rate of chloride permeability test results, are reduced. Furthermore, CNTs and PVA fibres with 0.05% and 1–1.5% concentrations offer optimal construction sector outcomes. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:04:24Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2075-5309 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:04:24Z |
| publishDate | 2023-08-01 |
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| series | Buildings |
| spelling | doaj.art-792e7eb0a3ea42d1a9adc10d15dac30f2023-11-19T00:30:15ZengMDPI AGBuildings2075-53092023-08-01138203210.3390/buildings13082032Durability Behaviours of Engineered Cementitious Composites Blended with Carbon Nanotubes against Sulphate and Acid Attacks by Applying RSM Modelling and OptimizationNaraindas Bheel0Bashar S. Mohammed1M. S. Liew2Noor Amila Wan Abdullah Zawawi3Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, Tronoh 32610, Perak, MalaysiaDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, Tronoh 32610, Perak, MalaysiaDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, Tronoh 32610, Perak, MalaysiaDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, Tronoh 32610, Perak, MalaysiaChemical deterioration, including sulphate and acid attacks, is a major issue affecting the long-term durability of engineered cementitious composite (ECC) constructions that contact water from various sources, including groundwater, seawater, sewer water, and drinking water. This research enhances ECCs’ strength and resilience against chemical attack by combining cementitious composites with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibre volume fractions using multiobjective optimization. The central composite design (CCD) of RSM was applied to generate thirteen mixes of different potential combinations of factors (multiwalled CNTs: 0.05% to 0.08%, PVA: 1–2%) and eight outcome responses were studied, although eight response models—six quadratic and two linear—were successfully designed and assessed using analysis of variance. The coefficients associated with R<sup>2</sup> for all the models were exceptionally high, with values varying from 84 to 99 percent. The multiobjective optimization predicted the best outcomes and developed optimal values for both variables (CNTs: 0.05% and PVA: 1%). The results showed that, at 0.05% of CNTs in ECCs, an ultimate improvement of 23% in compressive strength was seen. Additionally, when CNTs are used to grow in the ECC matrix, the expansion owing to sulphate resistance and length change due to acid attack are both reduced. In addition, when the percentage of CNTs increases in ECCs, the weight loss and pH value owing to acid attack, as well as the rate of chloride permeability test results, are reduced. Furthermore, CNTs and PVA fibres with 0.05% and 1–1.5% concentrations offer optimal construction sector outcomes.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/13/8/2032multiwalled carbon nanotubesengineered cementitious compositescompressive strengthdurability propertiesRSM modelling and optimization |
| spellingShingle | Naraindas Bheel Bashar S. Mohammed M. S. Liew Noor Amila Wan Abdullah Zawawi Durability Behaviours of Engineered Cementitious Composites Blended with Carbon Nanotubes against Sulphate and Acid Attacks by Applying RSM Modelling and Optimization Buildings multiwalled carbon nanotubes engineered cementitious composites compressive strength durability properties RSM modelling and optimization |
| title | Durability Behaviours of Engineered Cementitious Composites Blended with Carbon Nanotubes against Sulphate and Acid Attacks by Applying RSM Modelling and Optimization |
| title_full | Durability Behaviours of Engineered Cementitious Composites Blended with Carbon Nanotubes against Sulphate and Acid Attacks by Applying RSM Modelling and Optimization |
| title_fullStr | Durability Behaviours of Engineered Cementitious Composites Blended with Carbon Nanotubes against Sulphate and Acid Attacks by Applying RSM Modelling and Optimization |
| title_full_unstemmed | Durability Behaviours of Engineered Cementitious Composites Blended with Carbon Nanotubes against Sulphate and Acid Attacks by Applying RSM Modelling and Optimization |
| title_short | Durability Behaviours of Engineered Cementitious Composites Blended with Carbon Nanotubes against Sulphate and Acid Attacks by Applying RSM Modelling and Optimization |
| title_sort | durability behaviours of engineered cementitious composites blended with carbon nanotubes against sulphate and acid attacks by applying rsm modelling and optimization |
| topic | multiwalled carbon nanotubes engineered cementitious composites compressive strength durability properties RSM modelling and optimization |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/13/8/2032 |
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