Syrupy herbal formulation of green bean pod extract of Phaseolus vulgaris L.: Formulation optimization by central composite design, and evaluation for anti-urolithiatic activity
The green bean pods of Phaseolus vulgaris L. are traditionally used as a folk remedy for treating calcium oxalate kidney stones. The current research aimed to develop a syrup formulation containing green bean pod extract for anti-urolithiatic activity. The syrup was prepared using a simple blending...
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Elsevier
2024-03-01
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| Series: | Heliyon |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024033619 |
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| author | K.M. Noorulla Debesa Doyo Dalecha Misbahu Jemal Haji Roshan S Manikandan Arumugam Ameeduzzafar Zafar Wondesen Gadisa Gobena Shimelis Mekit Hussein Haji Negawo Mohammednur Hussein Hailu Fekadu Demessie Mohd Yasir |
| author_facet | K.M. Noorulla Debesa Doyo Dalecha Misbahu Jemal Haji Roshan S Manikandan Arumugam Ameeduzzafar Zafar Wondesen Gadisa Gobena Shimelis Mekit Hussein Haji Negawo Mohammednur Hussein Hailu Fekadu Demessie Mohd Yasir |
| author_sort | K.M. Noorulla |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The green bean pods of Phaseolus vulgaris L. are traditionally used as a folk remedy for treating calcium oxalate kidney stones. The current research aimed to develop a syrup formulation containing green bean pod extract for anti-urolithiatic activity. The syrup was prepared using a simple blending method and optimized through a central composite design (CCD) with two independent variables: the ratio of pod juice (PJ) to sugar solution (SS) ranging from 1:0.5 to 1:1.5, and the percentage of CMC from 0.2% to 0.4% w/v. These variables were analyzed for their impact on viscosity (CP) and sedimentation percentage, helping to identify the best formulation out of 13 variants. The finalized formulation (F-opt) underwent assessment for physicochemical characteristics such as organoleptic properties, viscosity, density, sedimentation rate, and stability. Additionally, a microbiological assessment was performed utilizing the spread plate method. Further, it was evaluated for in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo anti-urolithiatic activity in rat models for 28 days and compared with that of the reference standard (Cystone syrup). Additionally, acute toxicity was assessed in albino Swiss mice. Histopathological evaluations were then conducted on the kidneys of the Wistar rats that had been used for the in vivo studies, providing insight into the treatment effects on kidney tissue structure. The optimized formulation (F-opt) was a green, viscous, clear syrup with a pH of 5.8, a viscosity of 256.38 CP, a density of 1.31 g/ml, and a sedimentation rate of 0.69%. The optimized formulation was found to be stable, showing no significant changes in physicochemical and microbiological properties. The results of the in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo anti-urolithiatic studies indicated that the optimized formulation effectively inhibited the aggregation of calcium oxalate. The acute toxicity studies revealed no mortality or adverse effects for both the optimized formulation and pure bean pod juice at a dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight. Histopathological examination revealed that rats treated with the optimized formulation exhibited a significant reduction in both the number and size of calcium oxalate deposits within various parts of the renal tubules. It can be concluded that the syrupy formulation of Phaseolus vulgaris L. green bean pod extract demonstrated significant anti-urolithiatic activity. This activity could be due to its diuretic properties and its ability to inhibit the formation of calcium oxalate crystals. However, limitations of the study included a lack of elucidation of the mechanism and limited generalizability of the findings. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T23:13:49Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-7938f493187f40c4830aea1b20257b98 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2405-8440 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T23:13:49Z |
| publishDate | 2024-03-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
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| series | Heliyon |
| spelling | doaj.art-7938f493187f40c4830aea1b20257b982024-03-17T07:57:57ZengElsevierHeliyon2405-84402024-03-01105e27330Syrupy herbal formulation of green bean pod extract of Phaseolus vulgaris L.: Formulation optimization by central composite design, and evaluation for anti-urolithiatic activityK.M. Noorulla0Debesa Doyo Dalecha1Misbahu Jemal Haji2Roshan S3Manikandan Arumugam4Ameeduzzafar Zafar5Wondesen Gadisa Gobena6Shimelis Mekit7Hussein Haji Negawo8Mohammednur Hussein9Hailu Fekadu Demessie10Mohd Yasir11Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Arsi University, Asella, EthiopiaDepartment of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Arsi University, Asella, EthiopiaDepartment of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Arsi University, Asella, EthiopiaDeccan School of Pharmacy, Darussalam Aghapura, Hyderabad, Telangana, IndiaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, BHU, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaDepartment of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72341, Al-Jouf, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Arsi University, Asella, EthiopiaDepartment of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Arsi University, Asella, EthiopiaDepartment of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Arsi University, Asella, EthiopiaDepartment of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Arsi University, Asella, EthiopiaDepartment of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Arsi University, Asella, EthiopiaDepartment of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Arsi University, Asella, Ethiopia; Corresponding author.The green bean pods of Phaseolus vulgaris L. are traditionally used as a folk remedy for treating calcium oxalate kidney stones. The current research aimed to develop a syrup formulation containing green bean pod extract for anti-urolithiatic activity. The syrup was prepared using a simple blending method and optimized through a central composite design (CCD) with two independent variables: the ratio of pod juice (PJ) to sugar solution (SS) ranging from 1:0.5 to 1:1.5, and the percentage of CMC from 0.2% to 0.4% w/v. These variables were analyzed for their impact on viscosity (CP) and sedimentation percentage, helping to identify the best formulation out of 13 variants. The finalized formulation (F-opt) underwent assessment for physicochemical characteristics such as organoleptic properties, viscosity, density, sedimentation rate, and stability. Additionally, a microbiological assessment was performed utilizing the spread plate method. Further, it was evaluated for in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo anti-urolithiatic activity in rat models for 28 days and compared with that of the reference standard (Cystone syrup). Additionally, acute toxicity was assessed in albino Swiss mice. Histopathological evaluations were then conducted on the kidneys of the Wistar rats that had been used for the in vivo studies, providing insight into the treatment effects on kidney tissue structure. The optimized formulation (F-opt) was a green, viscous, clear syrup with a pH of 5.8, a viscosity of 256.38 CP, a density of 1.31 g/ml, and a sedimentation rate of 0.69%. The optimized formulation was found to be stable, showing no significant changes in physicochemical and microbiological properties. The results of the in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo anti-urolithiatic studies indicated that the optimized formulation effectively inhibited the aggregation of calcium oxalate. The acute toxicity studies revealed no mortality or adverse effects for both the optimized formulation and pure bean pod juice at a dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight. Histopathological examination revealed that rats treated with the optimized formulation exhibited a significant reduction in both the number and size of calcium oxalate deposits within various parts of the renal tubules. It can be concluded that the syrupy formulation of Phaseolus vulgaris L. green bean pod extract demonstrated significant anti-urolithiatic activity. This activity could be due to its diuretic properties and its ability to inhibit the formation of calcium oxalate crystals. However, limitations of the study included a lack of elucidation of the mechanism and limited generalizability of the findings.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024033619Calcium oxalate crystalsPhaseolus vulgaris L.Anti-urolithiatic activitySyrupy formulationCentral composite design |
| spellingShingle | K.M. Noorulla Debesa Doyo Dalecha Misbahu Jemal Haji Roshan S Manikandan Arumugam Ameeduzzafar Zafar Wondesen Gadisa Gobena Shimelis Mekit Hussein Haji Negawo Mohammednur Hussein Hailu Fekadu Demessie Mohd Yasir Syrupy herbal formulation of green bean pod extract of Phaseolus vulgaris L.: Formulation optimization by central composite design, and evaluation for anti-urolithiatic activity Heliyon Calcium oxalate crystals Phaseolus vulgaris L. Anti-urolithiatic activity Syrupy formulation Central composite design |
| title | Syrupy herbal formulation of green bean pod extract of Phaseolus vulgaris L.: Formulation optimization by central composite design, and evaluation for anti-urolithiatic activity |
| title_full | Syrupy herbal formulation of green bean pod extract of Phaseolus vulgaris L.: Formulation optimization by central composite design, and evaluation for anti-urolithiatic activity |
| title_fullStr | Syrupy herbal formulation of green bean pod extract of Phaseolus vulgaris L.: Formulation optimization by central composite design, and evaluation for anti-urolithiatic activity |
| title_full_unstemmed | Syrupy herbal formulation of green bean pod extract of Phaseolus vulgaris L.: Formulation optimization by central composite design, and evaluation for anti-urolithiatic activity |
| title_short | Syrupy herbal formulation of green bean pod extract of Phaseolus vulgaris L.: Formulation optimization by central composite design, and evaluation for anti-urolithiatic activity |
| title_sort | syrupy herbal formulation of green bean pod extract of phaseolus vulgaris l formulation optimization by central composite design and evaluation for anti urolithiatic activity |
| topic | Calcium oxalate crystals Phaseolus vulgaris L. Anti-urolithiatic activity Syrupy formulation Central composite design |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024033619 |
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