Tower of Belém (Lisbon)–Status Quo 3D Documentation and Material Origin Determination
The Tower of Belém, an early 16th century defense tower located at the mouth of the Tagus river, is the iconic symbol of Lisbon. It belongs to the Belém complex, classified since 1983 as a World Heritage Site by the UNESCO, and it is the second most visited monument in Portugal. On November 1st, 175...
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MDPI AG
2020-04-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/8/2355 |
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| author | Paula Redweik José Juan de Sanjosé Blasco Manuel Sánchez-Fernández Alan D. Atkinson Luís Francisco Martínez Corrales |
| author_facet | Paula Redweik José Juan de Sanjosé Blasco Manuel Sánchez-Fernández Alan D. Atkinson Luís Francisco Martínez Corrales |
| author_sort | Paula Redweik |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The Tower of Belém, an early 16th century defense tower located at the mouth of the Tagus river, is the iconic symbol of Lisbon. It belongs to the Belém complex, classified since 1983 as a World Heritage Site by the UNESCO, and it is the second most visited monument in Portugal. On November 1st, 1755, there was a heavy earthquake in Lisbon followed by a tsunami, causing between 60,000 and 100,000 deaths. There is a possibility of a repetition of such a catastrophe, which could bring about the collapse of the structure. This was the reasoning behind the decision to evaluate the Tower of Belém by means of surveys using Terrestrial Laser Scanning and photogrammetry. Until now, there was no high-resolution 3D model of the interior and exterior of the tower. A complete 3D documentation of the state of the Tower was achieved with a cloud of more than 6,200 million 3D points in the ETRS89 PT-TM06 coordinate system. Additionally, measurements were made using a hyperspectral camera and a spectroradiometer to characterize the stone material used in the Tower. The result is a digital 3D representation of the Tower of Belém, and the identification of the quarries that may have been used to extract its stone. The work carried out combines geometrical and material analysis. The methods used may constitute a guide when documenting and intervening in similar heritage elements. Finally, the information contained therein will allow an eventual reconstruction of the Tower in the case of another catastrophe. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T20:19:20Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-793d587df0e7428f973c1e0d6b637222 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T20:19:20Z |
| publishDate | 2020-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-793d587df0e7428f973c1e0d6b6372222023-11-19T22:17:19ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202020-04-01208235510.3390/s20082355Tower of Belém (Lisbon)–Status Quo 3D Documentation and Material Origin DeterminationPaula Redweik0José Juan de Sanjosé Blasco1Manuel Sánchez-Fernández2Alan D. Atkinson3Luís Francisco Martínez Corrales4Department of Geographic Engineering, Geophysics and Energy, Faculdade de Ciências, Instituto Dom Luiz, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, PortugalNEXUS Research Group, INTERRA Research Institute, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, SpainNEXUS Research Group, INTERRA Research Institute, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, SpainNEXUS Research Group, INTERRA Research Institute, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, SpainNEXUS Research Group, INTERRA Research Institute, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, SpainThe Tower of Belém, an early 16th century defense tower located at the mouth of the Tagus river, is the iconic symbol of Lisbon. It belongs to the Belém complex, classified since 1983 as a World Heritage Site by the UNESCO, and it is the second most visited monument in Portugal. On November 1st, 1755, there was a heavy earthquake in Lisbon followed by a tsunami, causing between 60,000 and 100,000 deaths. There is a possibility of a repetition of such a catastrophe, which could bring about the collapse of the structure. This was the reasoning behind the decision to evaluate the Tower of Belém by means of surveys using Terrestrial Laser Scanning and photogrammetry. Until now, there was no high-resolution 3D model of the interior and exterior of the tower. A complete 3D documentation of the state of the Tower was achieved with a cloud of more than 6,200 million 3D points in the ETRS89 PT-TM06 coordinate system. Additionally, measurements were made using a hyperspectral camera and a spectroradiometer to characterize the stone material used in the Tower. The result is a digital 3D representation of the Tower of Belém, and the identification of the quarries that may have been used to extract its stone. The work carried out combines geometrical and material analysis. The methods used may constitute a guide when documenting and intervening in similar heritage elements. Finally, the information contained therein will allow an eventual reconstruction of the Tower in the case of another catastrophe.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/8/2355Cultural heritagegeomatic techniques3D modelspectral signaturequarry |
| spellingShingle | Paula Redweik José Juan de Sanjosé Blasco Manuel Sánchez-Fernández Alan D. Atkinson Luís Francisco Martínez Corrales Tower of Belém (Lisbon)–Status Quo 3D Documentation and Material Origin Determination Sensors Cultural heritage geomatic techniques 3D model spectral signature quarry |
| title | Tower of Belém (Lisbon)–Status Quo 3D Documentation and Material Origin Determination |
| title_full | Tower of Belém (Lisbon)–Status Quo 3D Documentation and Material Origin Determination |
| title_fullStr | Tower of Belém (Lisbon)–Status Quo 3D Documentation and Material Origin Determination |
| title_full_unstemmed | Tower of Belém (Lisbon)–Status Quo 3D Documentation and Material Origin Determination |
| title_short | Tower of Belém (Lisbon)–Status Quo 3D Documentation and Material Origin Determination |
| title_sort | tower of belem lisbon status quo 3d documentation and material origin determination |
| topic | Cultural heritage geomatic techniques 3D model spectral signature quarry |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/8/2355 |
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