The deep-rooted origin of disulfide-rich spider venom toxins
Spider venoms are a complex concoction of enzymes, polyamines, inorganic salts, and disulfide-rich peptides (DRPs). Although DRPs are widely distributed and abundant, their bevolutionary origin has remained elusive. This knowledge gap stems from the extensive molecular divergence of DRPs and a lack...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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eLife Sciences Publications Ltd
2023-02-01
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| Series: | eLife |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://elifesciences.org/articles/83761 |
| _version_ | 1797870110874009600 |
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| author | Naeem Yusuf Shaikh Kartik Sunagar |
| author_facet | Naeem Yusuf Shaikh Kartik Sunagar |
| author_sort | Naeem Yusuf Shaikh |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Spider venoms are a complex concoction of enzymes, polyamines, inorganic salts, and disulfide-rich peptides (DRPs). Although DRPs are widely distributed and abundant, their bevolutionary origin has remained elusive. This knowledge gap stems from the extensive molecular divergence of DRPs and a lack of sequence and structural data from diverse lineages. By evaluating DRPs under a comprehensive phylogenetic, structural and evolutionary framework, we have not only identified 78 novel spider toxin superfamilies but also provided the first evidence for their common origin. We trace the origin of these toxin superfamilies to a primordial knot – which we name ‘Adi Shakti’, after the creator of the Universe according to Hindu mythology – 375 MYA in the common ancestor of Araneomorphae and Mygalomorphae. As the lineages under evaluation constitute nearly 60% of extant spiders, our findings provide fascinating insights into the early evolution and diversification of the spider venom arsenal. Reliance on a single molecular toxin scaffold by nearly all spiders is in complete contrast to most other venomous animals that have recruited into their venoms diverse toxins with independent origins. By comparatively evaluating the molecular evolutionary histories of araneomorph and mygalomorph spider venom toxins, we highlight their contrasting evolutionary diversification rates. Our results also suggest that venom deployment (e.g. prey capture or self-defense) influences evolutionary diversification of DRP toxin superfamilies. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-10T00:22:11Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-794025ff41e24afcb32c4332f2734670 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2050-084X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-10T00:22:11Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
| publisher | eLife Sciences Publications Ltd |
| record_format | Article |
| series | eLife |
| spelling | doaj.art-794025ff41e24afcb32c4332f27346702023-03-15T16:46:18ZengeLife Sciences Publications LtdeLife2050-084X2023-02-011210.7554/eLife.83761The deep-rooted origin of disulfide-rich spider venom toxinsNaeem Yusuf Shaikh0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9903-8484Kartik Sunagar1https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0998-1581Evolutionary Venomics Lab, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, Bengaluru, IndiaEvolutionary Venomics Lab, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, Bengaluru, IndiaSpider venoms are a complex concoction of enzymes, polyamines, inorganic salts, and disulfide-rich peptides (DRPs). Although DRPs are widely distributed and abundant, their bevolutionary origin has remained elusive. This knowledge gap stems from the extensive molecular divergence of DRPs and a lack of sequence and structural data from diverse lineages. By evaluating DRPs under a comprehensive phylogenetic, structural and evolutionary framework, we have not only identified 78 novel spider toxin superfamilies but also provided the first evidence for their common origin. We trace the origin of these toxin superfamilies to a primordial knot – which we name ‘Adi Shakti’, after the creator of the Universe according to Hindu mythology – 375 MYA in the common ancestor of Araneomorphae and Mygalomorphae. As the lineages under evaluation constitute nearly 60% of extant spiders, our findings provide fascinating insights into the early evolution and diversification of the spider venom arsenal. Reliance on a single molecular toxin scaffold by nearly all spiders is in complete contrast to most other venomous animals that have recruited into their venoms diverse toxins with independent origins. By comparatively evaluating the molecular evolutionary histories of araneomorph and mygalomorph spider venom toxins, we highlight their contrasting evolutionary diversification rates. Our results also suggest that venom deployment (e.g. prey capture or self-defense) influences evolutionary diversification of DRP toxin superfamilies.https://elifesciences.org/articles/83761spider venomdisulphide-rich peptidesvenom evolutiontoxin superfamilymolecular evolution |
| spellingShingle | Naeem Yusuf Shaikh Kartik Sunagar The deep-rooted origin of disulfide-rich spider venom toxins eLife spider venom disulphide-rich peptides venom evolution toxin superfamily molecular evolution |
| title | The deep-rooted origin of disulfide-rich spider venom toxins |
| title_full | The deep-rooted origin of disulfide-rich spider venom toxins |
| title_fullStr | The deep-rooted origin of disulfide-rich spider venom toxins |
| title_full_unstemmed | The deep-rooted origin of disulfide-rich spider venom toxins |
| title_short | The deep-rooted origin of disulfide-rich spider venom toxins |
| title_sort | deep rooted origin of disulfide rich spider venom toxins |
| topic | spider venom disulphide-rich peptides venom evolution toxin superfamily molecular evolution |
| url | https://elifesciences.org/articles/83761 |
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