Optimize the parameters for the synthesis by the ionic gelation technique, purification, and freeze-drying of chitosan-sodium tripolyphosphate nanoparticles for biomedical purposes

Abstract Background Polymeric nanoparticles can be used for wound closure and therapeutic compound delivery, among other biomedical applications. Although there are several nanoparticle obtention methods, it is crucial to know the adequate parameters to achieve better results. Therefore, the objecti...

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Main Authors: Stephany Celeste Gutiérrez-Ruíz, Hernán Cortes, Maykel González-Torres, Zainab M. Almarhoon, Eda Sönmez Gürer, Javad Sharifi-Rad, Gerardo Leyva-Gómez
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMC 2024-01-01
Series:Journal of Biological Engineering
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13036-024-00403-w
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author Stephany Celeste Gutiérrez-Ruíz
Hernán Cortes
Maykel González-Torres
Zainab M. Almarhoon
Eda Sönmez Gürer
Javad Sharifi-Rad
Gerardo Leyva-Gómez
author_facet Stephany Celeste Gutiérrez-Ruíz
Hernán Cortes
Maykel González-Torres
Zainab M. Almarhoon
Eda Sönmez Gürer
Javad Sharifi-Rad
Gerardo Leyva-Gómez
author_sort Stephany Celeste Gutiérrez-Ruíz
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Background Polymeric nanoparticles can be used for wound closure and therapeutic compound delivery, among other biomedical applications. Although there are several nanoparticle obtention methods, it is crucial to know the adequate parameters to achieve better results. Therefore, the objective of this study was to optimize the parameters for the synthesis, purification, and freeze-drying of chitosan nanoparticles. We evaluated the conditions of agitation speed, anion addition time, solution pH, and chitosan and sodium tripolyphosphate concentration. Results Chitosan nanoparticles presented an average particle size of 172.8 ± 3.937 nm, PDI of 0.166 ± 0.008, and zeta potential of 25.00 ± 0.79 mV, at the concentration of 0.1% sodium tripolyphosphate and chitosan (pH 5.5), with a dripping time of 2 min at 500 rpm. The most representative factor during nanoparticle fabrication was the pH of the chitosan solution, generating significant changes in particle size and polydispersity index. The observed behavior is attributed to the possible excess of sodium tripolyphosphate during synthesis. We added the surfactants poloxamer 188 and polysorbate 80 to evaluate the stability improvement during purification (centrifugation or dialysis). These surfactants decreased coalescence between nanoparticles, especially during purification. The centrifugation increased the zeta potential to 40.8–56.2 mV values, while the dialyzed samples led to smaller particle sizes (152–184 nm). Finally, freeze-drying of the chitosan nanoparticles proceeded using two cryoprotectants, trehalose and sucrose. Both adequately protected the system during the process, and the sugar concentration depended on the purification process. Conclusions In Conclusion, we must consider each surfactant's benefits in formulations for selecting the most suitable. Also, it is necessary to do more studies with the molecule to load. At the same time, the use of sucrose and trehalose generates adequate protection against the freeze-drying process, even at a 5% w/v concentration. However, adjusting the percentage concentration by weight must be made to work with the CS-TPP NPs purified by dialysis.
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spelling doaj.art-795d0c1f693e4436997267cb0f76bf6a2024-03-05T16:32:32ZengBMCJournal of Biological Engineering1754-16112024-01-0118111610.1186/s13036-024-00403-wOptimize the parameters for the synthesis by the ionic gelation technique, purification, and freeze-drying of chitosan-sodium tripolyphosphate nanoparticles for biomedical purposesStephany Celeste Gutiérrez-Ruíz0Hernán Cortes1Maykel González-Torres2Zainab M. Almarhoon3Eda Sönmez Gürer4Javad Sharifi-Rad5Gerardo Leyva-Gómez6Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Departamento de Genómica, Laboratorio de Medicina Genómica, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra IbarraCONACyT-Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra IbarraDepartment of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud UniversityDepartment of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sivas Cumhuriyet UniversityFacultad de Medicina, Universidad del AzuayDepartamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoAbstract Background Polymeric nanoparticles can be used for wound closure and therapeutic compound delivery, among other biomedical applications. Although there are several nanoparticle obtention methods, it is crucial to know the adequate parameters to achieve better results. Therefore, the objective of this study was to optimize the parameters for the synthesis, purification, and freeze-drying of chitosan nanoparticles. We evaluated the conditions of agitation speed, anion addition time, solution pH, and chitosan and sodium tripolyphosphate concentration. Results Chitosan nanoparticles presented an average particle size of 172.8 ± 3.937 nm, PDI of 0.166 ± 0.008, and zeta potential of 25.00 ± 0.79 mV, at the concentration of 0.1% sodium tripolyphosphate and chitosan (pH 5.5), with a dripping time of 2 min at 500 rpm. The most representative factor during nanoparticle fabrication was the pH of the chitosan solution, generating significant changes in particle size and polydispersity index. The observed behavior is attributed to the possible excess of sodium tripolyphosphate during synthesis. We added the surfactants poloxamer 188 and polysorbate 80 to evaluate the stability improvement during purification (centrifugation or dialysis). These surfactants decreased coalescence between nanoparticles, especially during purification. The centrifugation increased the zeta potential to 40.8–56.2 mV values, while the dialyzed samples led to smaller particle sizes (152–184 nm). Finally, freeze-drying of the chitosan nanoparticles proceeded using two cryoprotectants, trehalose and sucrose. Both adequately protected the system during the process, and the sugar concentration depended on the purification process. Conclusions In Conclusion, we must consider each surfactant's benefits in formulations for selecting the most suitable. Also, it is necessary to do more studies with the molecule to load. At the same time, the use of sucrose and trehalose generates adequate protection against the freeze-drying process, even at a 5% w/v concentration. However, adjusting the percentage concentration by weight must be made to work with the CS-TPP NPs purified by dialysis.https://doi.org/10.1186/s13036-024-00403-wChitosanFreeze-dryingNanoparticlesOptimizationPurificationTripolyphosphate
spellingShingle Stephany Celeste Gutiérrez-Ruíz
Hernán Cortes
Maykel González-Torres
Zainab M. Almarhoon
Eda Sönmez Gürer
Javad Sharifi-Rad
Gerardo Leyva-Gómez
Optimize the parameters for the synthesis by the ionic gelation technique, purification, and freeze-drying of chitosan-sodium tripolyphosphate nanoparticles for biomedical purposes
Journal of Biological Engineering
Chitosan
Freeze-drying
Nanoparticles
Optimization
Purification
Tripolyphosphate
title Optimize the parameters for the synthesis by the ionic gelation technique, purification, and freeze-drying of chitosan-sodium tripolyphosphate nanoparticles for biomedical purposes
title_full Optimize the parameters for the synthesis by the ionic gelation technique, purification, and freeze-drying of chitosan-sodium tripolyphosphate nanoparticles for biomedical purposes
title_fullStr Optimize the parameters for the synthesis by the ionic gelation technique, purification, and freeze-drying of chitosan-sodium tripolyphosphate nanoparticles for biomedical purposes
title_full_unstemmed Optimize the parameters for the synthesis by the ionic gelation technique, purification, and freeze-drying of chitosan-sodium tripolyphosphate nanoparticles for biomedical purposes
title_short Optimize the parameters for the synthesis by the ionic gelation technique, purification, and freeze-drying of chitosan-sodium tripolyphosphate nanoparticles for biomedical purposes
title_sort optimize the parameters for the synthesis by the ionic gelation technique purification and freeze drying of chitosan sodium tripolyphosphate nanoparticles for biomedical purposes
topic Chitosan
Freeze-drying
Nanoparticles
Optimization
Purification
Tripolyphosphate
url https://doi.org/10.1186/s13036-024-00403-w
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