Trimethylamine N-Oxide and Related Metabolites in the Serum and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in the Chinese Population: A Case-Control Study
Shenghong Qi,1,2 Lan Liu,1,2 Shulan He,1,2 Liqun Wang,1,2 Jiangping Li,1,2 Xian Sun1,2 1School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People’s Republic of China; 2The Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control of Ningxia, Yinchuan, Ni...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Dove Medical Press
2023-02-01
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| Series: | Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.dovepress.com/trimethylamine-n-oxide-and-related-metabolites-in-the-serum-and-risk-o-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-DMSO |
| _version_ | 1811162877492461568 |
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| author | Qi S Liu L He S Wang L Li J Sun X |
| author_facet | Qi S Liu L He S Wang L Li J Sun X |
| author_sort | Qi S |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Shenghong Qi,1,2 Lan Liu,1,2 Shulan He,1,2 Liqun Wang,1,2 Jiangping Li,1,2 Xian Sun1,2 1School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People’s Republic of China; 2The Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control of Ningxia, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Xian Sun, Tel +86 1 370 958 4072, Email sunxvic@126.comBackground: Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and its precursors have an association with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); however, the evidence is unclear. The current study examined the association of serial measures of serum TMAO and related metabolite concentrations with the risk of T2DM.Methods: Our study was designed as a community case-control study with 300 participants (150 T2DM and 150 non-T2DM). We examined the association of serum concentrations of TMAO and its related metabolites [trimethylamine, choline, betaine, and L-carnitine] using UPLC-MS/MS. The association between these metabolites and the risk of T2DM was analyzed using a restricted cubic spline and binary logistic regression.Results: A higher serum choline concentration was significantly associated with an increased risk of T2DM. Serum choline > 22.62 μmol/L was independently associated with an increased risk of T2DM, and the odds ratio was 3.615 [95% CI: (1.453,8.993), P = 0.006]. Similarly, serum betaine and L-carnitine concentrations had a markedly decreased risk of T2DM even after adjusting for the traditional risk factors for T2DM and betaine (0.978 [95% CI:0.964– 0.992], P = 0.002) and L-carnitine (0.949 [95% CI: 0.9222– 0.978], P = 0.001), respectively.Conclusion: Choline, betaine, and L-carnitine are associated with the risk of T2DM and may be appropriate risk markers to protect high-risk individuals from T2DM.Keywords: type 2 diabetes, T2DM, trimethylamine N-oxide, TMAO, betaine, choline, L-carnitine, trimethylamine N-oxide related metabolites |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-10T06:37:26Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-797c6b9bab924bbb808741b64a2b0750 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1178-7007 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-10T06:37:26Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
| publisher | Dove Medical Press |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity |
| spelling | doaj.art-797c6b9bab924bbb808741b64a2b07502023-02-28T18:02:43ZengDove Medical PressDiabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity1178-70072023-02-01Volume 1654755581886Trimethylamine N-Oxide and Related Metabolites in the Serum and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in the Chinese Population: A Case-Control StudyQi SLiu LHe SWang LLi JSun XShenghong Qi,1,2 Lan Liu,1,2 Shulan He,1,2 Liqun Wang,1,2 Jiangping Li,1,2 Xian Sun1,2 1School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People’s Republic of China; 2The Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control of Ningxia, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Xian Sun, Tel +86 1 370 958 4072, Email sunxvic@126.comBackground: Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and its precursors have an association with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); however, the evidence is unclear. The current study examined the association of serial measures of serum TMAO and related metabolite concentrations with the risk of T2DM.Methods: Our study was designed as a community case-control study with 300 participants (150 T2DM and 150 non-T2DM). We examined the association of serum concentrations of TMAO and its related metabolites [trimethylamine, choline, betaine, and L-carnitine] using UPLC-MS/MS. The association between these metabolites and the risk of T2DM was analyzed using a restricted cubic spline and binary logistic regression.Results: A higher serum choline concentration was significantly associated with an increased risk of T2DM. Serum choline > 22.62 μmol/L was independently associated with an increased risk of T2DM, and the odds ratio was 3.615 [95% CI: (1.453,8.993), P = 0.006]. Similarly, serum betaine and L-carnitine concentrations had a markedly decreased risk of T2DM even after adjusting for the traditional risk factors for T2DM and betaine (0.978 [95% CI:0.964– 0.992], P = 0.002) and L-carnitine (0.949 [95% CI: 0.9222– 0.978], P = 0.001), respectively.Conclusion: Choline, betaine, and L-carnitine are associated with the risk of T2DM and may be appropriate risk markers to protect high-risk individuals from T2DM.Keywords: type 2 diabetes, T2DM, trimethylamine N-oxide, TMAO, betaine, choline, L-carnitine, trimethylamine N-oxide related metaboliteshttps://www.dovepress.com/trimethylamine-n-oxide-and-related-metabolites-in-the-serum-and-risk-o-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-DMSOtype 2 diabetest2dmtrimethylamine n-oxidetmaobetainecholinel-carnitinetrimethylamine n-oxide related metabolites |
| spellingShingle | Qi S Liu L He S Wang L Li J Sun X Trimethylamine N-Oxide and Related Metabolites in the Serum and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in the Chinese Population: A Case-Control Study Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity type 2 diabetes t2dm trimethylamine n-oxide tmao betaine choline l-carnitine trimethylamine n-oxide related metabolites |
| title | Trimethylamine N-Oxide and Related Metabolites in the Serum and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in the Chinese Population: A Case-Control Study |
| title_full | Trimethylamine N-Oxide and Related Metabolites in the Serum and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in the Chinese Population: A Case-Control Study |
| title_fullStr | Trimethylamine N-Oxide and Related Metabolites in the Serum and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in the Chinese Population: A Case-Control Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Trimethylamine N-Oxide and Related Metabolites in the Serum and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in the Chinese Population: A Case-Control Study |
| title_short | Trimethylamine N-Oxide and Related Metabolites in the Serum and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in the Chinese Population: A Case-Control Study |
| title_sort | trimethylamine n oxide and related metabolites in the serum and risk of type 2 diabetes in the chinese population a case control study |
| topic | type 2 diabetes t2dm trimethylamine n-oxide tmao betaine choline l-carnitine trimethylamine n-oxide related metabolites |
| url | https://www.dovepress.com/trimethylamine-n-oxide-and-related-metabolites-in-the-serum-and-risk-o-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-DMSO |
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