Comparative Response of Brain to Chronic Hypoxia and Hyperoxia
Two antithetic terms, hypoxia and hyperoxia, i.e., insufficient and excess oxygen availability with respect to needs, are thought to trigger opposite responses in cells and tissues. This review aims at summarizing the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying hypoxia and hyperoxia in brain and ce...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2017-09-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/18/9/1914 |
| _version_ | 1811235414191636480 |
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| author | Laura Terraneo Michele Samaja |
| author_facet | Laura Terraneo Michele Samaja |
| author_sort | Laura Terraneo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Two antithetic terms, hypoxia and hyperoxia, i.e., insufficient and excess oxygen availability with respect to needs, are thought to trigger opposite responses in cells and tissues. This review aims at summarizing the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying hypoxia and hyperoxia in brain and cerebral tissue, a context that may prove to be useful for characterizing not only several clinically relevant aspects, but also aspects related to the evolution of oxygen transport and use by the tissues. While the response to acute hypoxia/hyperoxia presumably recruits only a minor portion of the potentially involved cell machinery, focusing into chronic conditions, instead, enables to take into consideration a wider range of potential responses to oxygen-linked stress, spanning from metabolic to genic. We will examine how various brain subsystems, including energetic metabolism, oxygen sensing, recruitment of pro-survival pathways as protein kinase B (Akt), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), neurotrophins (BDNF), erythropoietin (Epo) and its receptors (EpoR), neuroglobin (Ngb), nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), deal with chronic hypoxia and hyperoxia to end-up with the final outcomes, oxidative stress and brain damage. A more complex than expected pattern results, which emphasizes the delicate balance between the severity of the stress imposed by hypoxia and hyperoxia and the recruitment of molecular and cellular defense patterns. While for certain functions the expectation that hypoxia and hyperoxia should cause opposite responses is actually met, for others it is not, and both emerge as dangerous treatments. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-12T11:51:36Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-798763e120d7498eb391babb99b217d9 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-12T11:51:36Z |
| publishDate | 2017-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-798763e120d7498eb391babb99b217d92022-12-22T03:34:10ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1422-00672017-09-01189191410.3390/ijms18091914ijms18091914Comparative Response of Brain to Chronic Hypoxia and HyperoxiaLaura Terraneo0Michele Samaja1Department of Health Science, University of Milan, I-20142 Milano, ItalyDepartment of Health Science, University of Milan, I-20142 Milano, ItalyTwo antithetic terms, hypoxia and hyperoxia, i.e., insufficient and excess oxygen availability with respect to needs, are thought to trigger opposite responses in cells and tissues. This review aims at summarizing the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying hypoxia and hyperoxia in brain and cerebral tissue, a context that may prove to be useful for characterizing not only several clinically relevant aspects, but also aspects related to the evolution of oxygen transport and use by the tissues. While the response to acute hypoxia/hyperoxia presumably recruits only a minor portion of the potentially involved cell machinery, focusing into chronic conditions, instead, enables to take into consideration a wider range of potential responses to oxygen-linked stress, spanning from metabolic to genic. We will examine how various brain subsystems, including energetic metabolism, oxygen sensing, recruitment of pro-survival pathways as protein kinase B (Akt), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), neurotrophins (BDNF), erythropoietin (Epo) and its receptors (EpoR), neuroglobin (Ngb), nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), deal with chronic hypoxia and hyperoxia to end-up with the final outcomes, oxidative stress and brain damage. A more complex than expected pattern results, which emphasizes the delicate balance between the severity of the stress imposed by hypoxia and hyperoxia and the recruitment of molecular and cellular defense patterns. While for certain functions the expectation that hypoxia and hyperoxia should cause opposite responses is actually met, for others it is not, and both emerge as dangerous treatments.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/18/9/1914hypoxiahyperoxiachronic stresscerebral tissuesignaling pathwaysoxidative stressbrain injuryoxygen sensing |
| spellingShingle | Laura Terraneo Michele Samaja Comparative Response of Brain to Chronic Hypoxia and Hyperoxia International Journal of Molecular Sciences hypoxia hyperoxia chronic stress cerebral tissue signaling pathways oxidative stress brain injury oxygen sensing |
| title | Comparative Response of Brain to Chronic Hypoxia and Hyperoxia |
| title_full | Comparative Response of Brain to Chronic Hypoxia and Hyperoxia |
| title_fullStr | Comparative Response of Brain to Chronic Hypoxia and Hyperoxia |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comparative Response of Brain to Chronic Hypoxia and Hyperoxia |
| title_short | Comparative Response of Brain to Chronic Hypoxia and Hyperoxia |
| title_sort | comparative response of brain to chronic hypoxia and hyperoxia |
| topic | hypoxia hyperoxia chronic stress cerebral tissue signaling pathways oxidative stress brain injury oxygen sensing |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/18/9/1914 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT lauraterraneo comparativeresponseofbraintochronichypoxiaandhyperoxia AT michelesamaja comparativeresponseofbraintochronichypoxiaandhyperoxia |