Effects of Green Manures (in the Form of Monoculture and Intercropping), Biofertilizer and Organic Manure on the Productivity and Phytochemical Properties of Peppermint (<i>Mentha piperita</i> L.)
Nowadays, the application of sustainable and eco-friendly fertilizers plays an important role in improving the essential oil (EO) quantity and quality of medicinal and aromatic plants. Hence, the study aimed to investigate the effects of green manures, organic manures and biofertilizers on the nutri...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-11-01
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| Series: | Plants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/11/21/2941 |
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| author | Abdollah Javanmard Mostafa Amani Machiani Mohammad Haghaninia Luisa Pistelli Basma Najar |
| author_facet | Abdollah Javanmard Mostafa Amani Machiani Mohammad Haghaninia Luisa Pistelli Basma Najar |
| author_sort | Abdollah Javanmard |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Nowadays, the application of sustainable and eco-friendly fertilizers plays an important role in improving the essential oil (EO) quantity and quality of medicinal and aromatic plants. Hence, the study aimed to investigate the effects of green manures, organic manures and biofertilizers on the nutrient content, dry matter yield, EO productivity and quality of peppermint. The treatments included green manures [barley monoculture (Bm), hairy vetch monoculture (HVm) and replacement intercropping of 75%HV + 25%B, 50%HV + 50%B and 25%HV + 75%B], arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and vermicompost (VC). A 50%HV + 50%B green manure appears to be the most effective treatment, since it provides the greatest amount of nutrients (N and K, 18.8 g kg<sup>−1</sup>, and 18.1 g kg<sup>−1</sup>, respectively), the tallest plants (61.5 cm), the most nodes per plant (17.5), the lateral branches (24.4), the highest leaf greenness index (45.5) and dry yield (266.7 g m<sup>−2</sup>) in peppermint. Moreover, this treatment evidenced the larger EO content (1.8%) and EO yield (4.84 g m<sup>−2</sup>). Regardless of the treatments, the chemical composition of peppermint EO was characterized by menthol (32.35–37.73%), menthone (16.96–20.64%) and 1,8-cineole (6.18–7.78%). The maximum content of menthol and 1,8-cineole was obtained by the application of 50%HV + 50%B. Additionally, the highest content of menthone was observed in AMF treatment. These results indicate that the application of 50%HV + 50%B green manures could be suggested as an environmentally friendly strategy for improving EO quantity and quality of peppermint. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:44:09Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2223-7747 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:44:09Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
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| series | Plants |
| spelling | doaj.art-79a20c987d834425aff3f79c8153bcfe2023-11-24T06:25:33ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472022-11-011121294110.3390/plants11212941Effects of Green Manures (in the Form of Monoculture and Intercropping), Biofertilizer and Organic Manure on the Productivity and Phytochemical Properties of Peppermint (<i>Mentha piperita</i> L.)Abdollah Javanmard0Mostafa Amani Machiani1Mohammad Haghaninia2Luisa Pistelli3Basma Najar4Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Maragheh P.O. Box 55136-553, IranDepartment of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Maragheh P.O. Box 55136-553, IranDepartment of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Maragheh P.O. Box 55136-553, IranDepartment of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano, 12, 56126 Pisa, ItalyDepartment of Agricultural, Food and Agro-Environmental Sciences, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124 Pisa, ItalyNowadays, the application of sustainable and eco-friendly fertilizers plays an important role in improving the essential oil (EO) quantity and quality of medicinal and aromatic plants. Hence, the study aimed to investigate the effects of green manures, organic manures and biofertilizers on the nutrient content, dry matter yield, EO productivity and quality of peppermint. The treatments included green manures [barley monoculture (Bm), hairy vetch monoculture (HVm) and replacement intercropping of 75%HV + 25%B, 50%HV + 50%B and 25%HV + 75%B], arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and vermicompost (VC). A 50%HV + 50%B green manure appears to be the most effective treatment, since it provides the greatest amount of nutrients (N and K, 18.8 g kg<sup>−1</sup>, and 18.1 g kg<sup>−1</sup>, respectively), the tallest plants (61.5 cm), the most nodes per plant (17.5), the lateral branches (24.4), the highest leaf greenness index (45.5) and dry yield (266.7 g m<sup>−2</sup>) in peppermint. Moreover, this treatment evidenced the larger EO content (1.8%) and EO yield (4.84 g m<sup>−2</sup>). Regardless of the treatments, the chemical composition of peppermint EO was characterized by menthol (32.35–37.73%), menthone (16.96–20.64%) and 1,8-cineole (6.18–7.78%). The maximum content of menthol and 1,8-cineole was obtained by the application of 50%HV + 50%B. Additionally, the highest content of menthone was observed in AMF treatment. These results indicate that the application of 50%HV + 50%B green manures could be suggested as an environmentally friendly strategy for improving EO quantity and quality of peppermint.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/11/21/2941arbuscular mycorrhizal fungimedicinal and aromatic plantsmentholsecondary metabolitessustainable agriculture |
| spellingShingle | Abdollah Javanmard Mostafa Amani Machiani Mohammad Haghaninia Luisa Pistelli Basma Najar Effects of Green Manures (in the Form of Monoculture and Intercropping), Biofertilizer and Organic Manure on the Productivity and Phytochemical Properties of Peppermint (<i>Mentha piperita</i> L.) Plants arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi medicinal and aromatic plants menthol secondary metabolites sustainable agriculture |
| title | Effects of Green Manures (in the Form of Monoculture and Intercropping), Biofertilizer and Organic Manure on the Productivity and Phytochemical Properties of Peppermint (<i>Mentha piperita</i> L.) |
| title_full | Effects of Green Manures (in the Form of Monoculture and Intercropping), Biofertilizer and Organic Manure on the Productivity and Phytochemical Properties of Peppermint (<i>Mentha piperita</i> L.) |
| title_fullStr | Effects of Green Manures (in the Form of Monoculture and Intercropping), Biofertilizer and Organic Manure on the Productivity and Phytochemical Properties of Peppermint (<i>Mentha piperita</i> L.) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of Green Manures (in the Form of Monoculture and Intercropping), Biofertilizer and Organic Manure on the Productivity and Phytochemical Properties of Peppermint (<i>Mentha piperita</i> L.) |
| title_short | Effects of Green Manures (in the Form of Monoculture and Intercropping), Biofertilizer and Organic Manure on the Productivity and Phytochemical Properties of Peppermint (<i>Mentha piperita</i> L.) |
| title_sort | effects of green manures in the form of monoculture and intercropping biofertilizer and organic manure on the productivity and phytochemical properties of peppermint i mentha piperita i l |
| topic | arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi medicinal and aromatic plants menthol secondary metabolites sustainable agriculture |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/11/21/2941 |
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