Fluoride Levels in Supply Water from the Canary Islands Region
The Canary Islands, located in the Atlantic Ocean, are an archipelago of volcanic origin which, for decades, has been affected by natural fluoride contamination in the water supply of some of its islands, mainly the island of Tenerife. In addition, recent volcanic eruptions in the archipelago and th...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-02-01
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| Series: | Foods |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/4/745 |
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| author | Inés A. Revelo-Mejía Samuel Alejandro-Vega Soraya Paz-Montelongo Daniel Niebla-Canelo Santiago Cerdán-Pérez Carmen Rubio-Armendáriz Ángel J. Gutiérrez-Fernández Arturo Hardisson Rubí Rodríguez-Díaz Cintia Hernández-Sánchez |
| author_facet | Inés A. Revelo-Mejía Samuel Alejandro-Vega Soraya Paz-Montelongo Daniel Niebla-Canelo Santiago Cerdán-Pérez Carmen Rubio-Armendáriz Ángel J. Gutiérrez-Fernández Arturo Hardisson Rubí Rodríguez-Díaz Cintia Hernández-Sánchez |
| author_sort | Inés A. Revelo-Mejía |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The Canary Islands, located in the Atlantic Ocean, are an archipelago of volcanic origin which, for decades, has been affected by natural fluoride contamination in the water supply of some of its islands, mainly the island of Tenerife. In addition, recent volcanic eruptions in the archipelago and the increased demand for water supply have led to an increase in the fluoride content in other areas which, historically, were not affected. Fluoride content was determined in 274 water supply samples from the most populated islands of the Canary Islands (Tenerife and Gran Canaria) collected during the months of June 2021 to May 2022. The samples were analysed by fluoride ion selective potentiometry. The highest concentrations in Tenerife were found in the municipalities of Sauzal (7.00 mg/L) and Tegueste (5.39 mg/L), both water samples are over the parametric value of 1.5 mg/L set in the supply water legislation. In the Gran Canaria Island, the highest fluoride levels were found in Valsequillo and Mogán with 1.44 mg/L in both locations, but under the parametric fluoride value abovementioned. Consumption of just 1 L of water per day in the El Sauzal area would result in a contribution rate of 77% for adults and children over 15 years of age (Upper Level value of 7 mg/day) and 108% for children 9–14 years of age (UL value of 5 mg/day). The contribution rates increase considerably, reaching or exceeding 100% of the reference value (UL) with increasing consumption of 1 to 2 L of water per day. Therefore, it is considered that there is a health risk of overexposure to fluoride on the island of Tenerife. In the case of the island of Gran Canaria, it has been shown that even the consumption of 2 litres of water per day does not confer contribution rates that pose a health risk. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:49:56Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-79a97625f5cd43eca8edfb669e5785b4 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2304-8158 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:49:56Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Foods |
| spelling | doaj.art-79a97625f5cd43eca8edfb669e5785b42023-11-16T20:29:57ZengMDPI AGFoods2304-81582023-02-0112474510.3390/foods12040745Fluoride Levels in Supply Water from the Canary Islands RegionInés A. Revelo-Mejía0Samuel Alejandro-Vega1Soraya Paz-Montelongo2Daniel Niebla-Canelo3Santiago Cerdán-Pérez4Carmen Rubio-Armendáriz5Ángel J. Gutiérrez-Fernández6Arturo Hardisson7Rubí Rodríguez-Díaz8Cintia Hernández-Sánchez9Faculty of Odontology, Universidad Antonio Nariño, 37-94 Calle 58 A Bis, Bogota 111321, Cauca, ColombiaArea of Toxicology, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, SpainArea of Toxicology, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, SpainArea of Toxicology, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, SpainArea of Toxicology, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, SpainArea of Toxicology, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, SpainArea of Toxicology, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, SpainArea of Toxicology, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, SpainHuman Reproduction Unit, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Carretera Ofra S/N, 38320 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, SpainGrupo Interuniversitario de Toxicología Alimentaria y Ambiental, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, SpainThe Canary Islands, located in the Atlantic Ocean, are an archipelago of volcanic origin which, for decades, has been affected by natural fluoride contamination in the water supply of some of its islands, mainly the island of Tenerife. In addition, recent volcanic eruptions in the archipelago and the increased demand for water supply have led to an increase in the fluoride content in other areas which, historically, were not affected. Fluoride content was determined in 274 water supply samples from the most populated islands of the Canary Islands (Tenerife and Gran Canaria) collected during the months of June 2021 to May 2022. The samples were analysed by fluoride ion selective potentiometry. The highest concentrations in Tenerife were found in the municipalities of Sauzal (7.00 mg/L) and Tegueste (5.39 mg/L), both water samples are over the parametric value of 1.5 mg/L set in the supply water legislation. In the Gran Canaria Island, the highest fluoride levels were found in Valsequillo and Mogán with 1.44 mg/L in both locations, but under the parametric fluoride value abovementioned. Consumption of just 1 L of water per day in the El Sauzal area would result in a contribution rate of 77% for adults and children over 15 years of age (Upper Level value of 7 mg/day) and 108% for children 9–14 years of age (UL value of 5 mg/day). The contribution rates increase considerably, reaching or exceeding 100% of the reference value (UL) with increasing consumption of 1 to 2 L of water per day. Therefore, it is considered that there is a health risk of overexposure to fluoride on the island of Tenerife. In the case of the island of Gran Canaria, it has been shown that even the consumption of 2 litres of water per day does not confer contribution rates that pose a health risk.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/4/745Canary Islandsfluoridesupply waterrisk assessment |
| spellingShingle | Inés A. Revelo-Mejía Samuel Alejandro-Vega Soraya Paz-Montelongo Daniel Niebla-Canelo Santiago Cerdán-Pérez Carmen Rubio-Armendáriz Ángel J. Gutiérrez-Fernández Arturo Hardisson Rubí Rodríguez-Díaz Cintia Hernández-Sánchez Fluoride Levels in Supply Water from the Canary Islands Region Foods Canary Islands fluoride supply water risk assessment |
| title | Fluoride Levels in Supply Water from the Canary Islands Region |
| title_full | Fluoride Levels in Supply Water from the Canary Islands Region |
| title_fullStr | Fluoride Levels in Supply Water from the Canary Islands Region |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fluoride Levels in Supply Water from the Canary Islands Region |
| title_short | Fluoride Levels in Supply Water from the Canary Islands Region |
| title_sort | fluoride levels in supply water from the canary islands region |
| topic | Canary Islands fluoride supply water risk assessment |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/4/745 |
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