Ecological risk assessment of trace elements (TEs) pollution and human health risk exposure in agricultural soils used for saffron cultivation
Abstract Contamination of farmland soils by trace elements (TEs) has become an international issue concerning food safety and human health risks. In the present research, the concentrations of TEs including cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb)...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Nature Portfolio
2023-03-01
|
| Series: | Scientific Reports |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-31681-x |
| _version_ | 1797864989774577664 |
|---|---|
| author | Mahmoud Taghavi Mostafa Darvishiyan Maryam Momeni Hadi Eslami Reza Ali Fallahzadeh Ahmad Zarei |
| author_facet | Mahmoud Taghavi Mostafa Darvishiyan Maryam Momeni Hadi Eslami Reza Ali Fallahzadeh Ahmad Zarei |
| author_sort | Mahmoud Taghavi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Contamination of farmland soils by trace elements (TEs) has become an international issue concerning food safety and human health risks. In the present research, the concentrations of TEs including cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) in soils of 16 farmlands were determined in Gonabad, Iran. In addition, the human health risks due to exposure to the TEs from the soils were assessed. Moreover, the soil contamination likelihood was evaluated based on various contamination indices including contamination factor $$(\mathrm{CF}$$ ( CF ), enrichment factor (EF), geo-accumulation index (Igeo), and pollution load index (PLI) calculations. The soil mean concentrations for Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn and Fe ranges as 0.102, 6.968, 22.550, 29.263, 475.281, 34.234, 13.617, 54.482 and 19,683.6 mg/kg in farmland soils. The mean concentrations of the TEs decreased in the order of Fe > Mn > Zn > Ni > Cu > Cr > Pb > Co > As > Cd. Levels of all metals in this study were within the FAO/WHO and Iranian soil standards. The HQ values from investigated elements for adults and children in the studied farms were less than the limit of 1, indicating no health risks for the studied subpopulations. The results of the present research indicated no significant carcinogenic health hazards for both adults and children through ingestion, skin contact and inhalation exposure routes. $$\mathrm{CF}$$ CF values of Ni and Zn in 100% and 6.25% of farmlands were above 1, showing moderate contamination conditions. EF values of metals in farmlands were recorded as “no enrichment”, “minimal enrichment” and “moderate enrichment” classes. Furthermore, it can be concluded that the all farms were uncontaminated except Ni (moderately contaminated) based on Igeo. This is an indication that the selected TEs in the agricultural soils have no appreciable threat to human health. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-09T23:00:48Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-79bc8bf64f4849f48d95c160b91a878b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-09T23:00:48Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Scientific Reports |
| spelling | doaj.art-79bc8bf64f4849f48d95c160b91a878b2023-03-22T10:58:35ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222023-03-0113111510.1038/s41598-023-31681-xEcological risk assessment of trace elements (TEs) pollution and human health risk exposure in agricultural soils used for saffron cultivationMahmoud Taghavi0Mostafa Darvishiyan1Maryam Momeni2Hadi Eslami3Reza Ali Fallahzadeh4Ahmad Zarei5Department of Environment Health Engineering, School of Health, Social Determinates of Health Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical SciencesStudent Research Committee, Gonabad University of Medical SciencesStudent Research Committee, Gonabad University of Medical SciencesDepartment of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Occupational Safety and Health Research Center, NICICO, World Safety Organization and Rafsanjan University of Medical SciencesGenetic and Environmental Adventures Research Center, School of Abarkouh Paramedicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical SciencesDepartment of Environment Health Engineering, School of Health, Infectious Diseases Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical SciencesAbstract Contamination of farmland soils by trace elements (TEs) has become an international issue concerning food safety and human health risks. In the present research, the concentrations of TEs including cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) in soils of 16 farmlands were determined in Gonabad, Iran. In addition, the human health risks due to exposure to the TEs from the soils were assessed. Moreover, the soil contamination likelihood was evaluated based on various contamination indices including contamination factor $$(\mathrm{CF}$$ ( CF ), enrichment factor (EF), geo-accumulation index (Igeo), and pollution load index (PLI) calculations. The soil mean concentrations for Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn and Fe ranges as 0.102, 6.968, 22.550, 29.263, 475.281, 34.234, 13.617, 54.482 and 19,683.6 mg/kg in farmland soils. The mean concentrations of the TEs decreased in the order of Fe > Mn > Zn > Ni > Cu > Cr > Pb > Co > As > Cd. Levels of all metals in this study were within the FAO/WHO and Iranian soil standards. The HQ values from investigated elements for adults and children in the studied farms were less than the limit of 1, indicating no health risks for the studied subpopulations. The results of the present research indicated no significant carcinogenic health hazards for both adults and children through ingestion, skin contact and inhalation exposure routes. $$\mathrm{CF}$$ CF values of Ni and Zn in 100% and 6.25% of farmlands were above 1, showing moderate contamination conditions. EF values of metals in farmlands were recorded as “no enrichment”, “minimal enrichment” and “moderate enrichment” classes. Furthermore, it can be concluded that the all farms were uncontaminated except Ni (moderately contaminated) based on Igeo. This is an indication that the selected TEs in the agricultural soils have no appreciable threat to human health.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-31681-x |
| spellingShingle | Mahmoud Taghavi Mostafa Darvishiyan Maryam Momeni Hadi Eslami Reza Ali Fallahzadeh Ahmad Zarei Ecological risk assessment of trace elements (TEs) pollution and human health risk exposure in agricultural soils used for saffron cultivation Scientific Reports |
| title | Ecological risk assessment of trace elements (TEs) pollution and human health risk exposure in agricultural soils used for saffron cultivation |
| title_full | Ecological risk assessment of trace elements (TEs) pollution and human health risk exposure in agricultural soils used for saffron cultivation |
| title_fullStr | Ecological risk assessment of trace elements (TEs) pollution and human health risk exposure in agricultural soils used for saffron cultivation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ecological risk assessment of trace elements (TEs) pollution and human health risk exposure in agricultural soils used for saffron cultivation |
| title_short | Ecological risk assessment of trace elements (TEs) pollution and human health risk exposure in agricultural soils used for saffron cultivation |
| title_sort | ecological risk assessment of trace elements tes pollution and human health risk exposure in agricultural soils used for saffron cultivation |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-31681-x |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mahmoudtaghavi ecologicalriskassessmentoftraceelementstespollutionandhumanhealthriskexposureinagriculturalsoilsusedforsaffroncultivation AT mostafadarvishiyan ecologicalriskassessmentoftraceelementstespollutionandhumanhealthriskexposureinagriculturalsoilsusedforsaffroncultivation AT maryammomeni ecologicalriskassessmentoftraceelementstespollutionandhumanhealthriskexposureinagriculturalsoilsusedforsaffroncultivation AT hadieslami ecologicalriskassessmentoftraceelementstespollutionandhumanhealthriskexposureinagriculturalsoilsusedforsaffroncultivation AT rezaalifallahzadeh ecologicalriskassessmentoftraceelementstespollutionandhumanhealthriskexposureinagriculturalsoilsusedforsaffroncultivation AT ahmadzarei ecologicalriskassessmentoftraceelementstespollutionandhumanhealthriskexposureinagriculturalsoilsusedforsaffroncultivation |