Deep Eutectic Solvent for Facile Synthesis of Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@N-Doped Carbon for Aqueous Multivalent-Based Supercapacitors: New Concept for Increasing Capacitance and Operating Voltage
The capacitance and operating voltage of supercapacitors as well as their energy density have been increased by development of different materials and electrolytes. In this paper, two strategies, for the first time, were used to improve energy density: Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub...
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2022-11-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/23/8540 |
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| author | Nikola Zdolšek Ivana Perović Snežana Brković Gvozden Tasić Miloš Milović Milica Vujković |
| author_facet | Nikola Zdolšek Ivana Perović Snežana Brković Gvozden Tasić Miloš Milović Milica Vujković |
| author_sort | Nikola Zdolšek |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The capacitance and operating voltage of supercapacitors as well as their energy density have been increased by development of different materials and electrolytes. In this paper, two strategies, for the first time, were used to improve energy density: Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>- and N-dual doped carbon electrode and aqueous mixture of multivalent ions as electrolyte. Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>- and N-dual doped carbon was prepared by a novel and cost-effective procedure using deep eutectic solvent. XRD, XPS, and FTIR confirmed presence of Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> and nitrogen, while SEM and EDS elemental mapping showed micrometer-sized nanosheets with uniform distribution of C, O, N, and Mn atoms. Charge storage behavior of carbon was tested in aqueous multivalent-based electrolytes and their mixture (Ca<sup>2+</sup>-Al<sup>3+</sup>). Regarding both specific capacitance and workable voltage, the Ca<sup>2+</sup>-Al<sup>3+</sup> mixed electrolyte was found as the best optimal solution. The calcium addition to the Al-electrolyte allows the higher operating voltage than in the case of individual Al(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub> electrolyte while the addition of Al<sup>3+</sup> ion in the Ca(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> electrolyte improves the multivalent-ion charge storage ability of carbon. As a result, the specific energy density of two-electrode Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@N-doped carbon//Al(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>+Ca(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>//Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@N-doped carbon supercapacitor (34 Wh kg<sup>−1</sup> at 0.1 A g<sup>−1</sup>) overpasses the reported values obtained for Mn-based carbon supercapacitors using conventional aqueous electrolytes. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:41:42Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-79d3c50868cd42488876b24a96472efc |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1944 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:41:42Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-79d3c50868cd42488876b24a96472efc2023-11-24T11:29:57ZengMDPI AGMaterials1996-19442022-11-011523854010.3390/ma15238540Deep Eutectic Solvent for Facile Synthesis of Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@N-Doped Carbon for Aqueous Multivalent-Based Supercapacitors: New Concept for Increasing Capacitance and Operating VoltageNikola Zdolšek0Ivana Perović1Snežana Brković2Gvozden Tasić3Miloš Milović4Milica Vujković5Department of Physical Chemistry, “Vinča” Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11351 Belgrade, SerbiaDepartment of Physical Chemistry, “Vinča” Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11351 Belgrade, SerbiaDepartment of Physical Chemistry, “Vinča” Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11351 Belgrade, SerbiaDepartment of Physical Chemistry, “Vinča” Institute of Nuclear Sciences—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11351 Belgrade, SerbiaInstitute of Technical Sciences of SASA, Knez Mihailova 35, 11000 Belgrade, SerbiaFaculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12-14, 11158 Belgrade, SerbiaThe capacitance and operating voltage of supercapacitors as well as their energy density have been increased by development of different materials and electrolytes. In this paper, two strategies, for the first time, were used to improve energy density: Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>- and N-dual doped carbon electrode and aqueous mixture of multivalent ions as electrolyte. Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>- and N-dual doped carbon was prepared by a novel and cost-effective procedure using deep eutectic solvent. XRD, XPS, and FTIR confirmed presence of Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> and nitrogen, while SEM and EDS elemental mapping showed micrometer-sized nanosheets with uniform distribution of C, O, N, and Mn atoms. Charge storage behavior of carbon was tested in aqueous multivalent-based electrolytes and their mixture (Ca<sup>2+</sup>-Al<sup>3+</sup>). Regarding both specific capacitance and workable voltage, the Ca<sup>2+</sup>-Al<sup>3+</sup> mixed electrolyte was found as the best optimal solution. The calcium addition to the Al-electrolyte allows the higher operating voltage than in the case of individual Al(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub> electrolyte while the addition of Al<sup>3+</sup> ion in the Ca(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> electrolyte improves the multivalent-ion charge storage ability of carbon. As a result, the specific energy density of two-electrode Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@N-doped carbon//Al(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>+Ca(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>//Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@N-doped carbon supercapacitor (34 Wh kg<sup>−1</sup> at 0.1 A g<sup>−1</sup>) overpasses the reported values obtained for Mn-based carbon supercapacitors using conventional aqueous electrolytes.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/23/8540deep eutectic solventporous carbonMn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>- and N-doped carbonsupercapacitorsmultivalent ion electrolyte |
| spellingShingle | Nikola Zdolšek Ivana Perović Snežana Brković Gvozden Tasić Miloš Milović Milica Vujković Deep Eutectic Solvent for Facile Synthesis of Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@N-Doped Carbon for Aqueous Multivalent-Based Supercapacitors: New Concept for Increasing Capacitance and Operating Voltage Materials deep eutectic solvent porous carbon Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>- and N-doped carbon supercapacitors multivalent ion electrolyte |
| title | Deep Eutectic Solvent for Facile Synthesis of Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@N-Doped Carbon for Aqueous Multivalent-Based Supercapacitors: New Concept for Increasing Capacitance and Operating Voltage |
| title_full | Deep Eutectic Solvent for Facile Synthesis of Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@N-Doped Carbon for Aqueous Multivalent-Based Supercapacitors: New Concept for Increasing Capacitance and Operating Voltage |
| title_fullStr | Deep Eutectic Solvent for Facile Synthesis of Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@N-Doped Carbon for Aqueous Multivalent-Based Supercapacitors: New Concept for Increasing Capacitance and Operating Voltage |
| title_full_unstemmed | Deep Eutectic Solvent for Facile Synthesis of Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@N-Doped Carbon for Aqueous Multivalent-Based Supercapacitors: New Concept for Increasing Capacitance and Operating Voltage |
| title_short | Deep Eutectic Solvent for Facile Synthesis of Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>@N-Doped Carbon for Aqueous Multivalent-Based Supercapacitors: New Concept for Increasing Capacitance and Operating Voltage |
| title_sort | deep eutectic solvent for facile synthesis of mn sub 3 sub o sub 4 sub n doped carbon for aqueous multivalent based supercapacitors new concept for increasing capacitance and operating voltage |
| topic | deep eutectic solvent porous carbon Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>- and N-doped carbon supercapacitors multivalent ion electrolyte |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/23/8540 |
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