Blue Whiting Protein Hydrolysates Exhibit Antioxidant and Immunomodulatory Activities in Stimulated Murine RAW264.7 Cells
This study investigated the antioxidant and immunomodulatory potential of six blue whiting soluble protein hydrolysates (BWSPHs, BW-SPH-A to -F) and their simulated gastrointestinal digests (SGID, BW-SPH-A-GI to -F-GI) in murine RAW264.7 macrophages. Hydrolysate BW-SPH-A, both pre- and post-SGID, in...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-10-01
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| Series: | Applied Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/20/9762 |
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| author | Shauna Heffernan Pádraigín A. Harnedy-Rothwell Snehal Gite Jason Whooley Linda Giblin Richard J. Fitzgerald Nora M. O’Brien |
| author_facet | Shauna Heffernan Pádraigín A. Harnedy-Rothwell Snehal Gite Jason Whooley Linda Giblin Richard J. Fitzgerald Nora M. O’Brien |
| author_sort | Shauna Heffernan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study investigated the antioxidant and immunomodulatory potential of six blue whiting soluble protein hydrolysates (BWSPHs, BW-SPH-A to -F) and their simulated gastrointestinal digests (SGID, BW-SPH-A-GI to -F-GI) in murine RAW264.7 macrophages. Hydrolysate BW-SPH-A, both pre- and post-SGID, increased endogenous antioxidant glutathione (GSH) in <i>tert</i>-butylhydroperoxide (<i>t</i>BOOH)-treated cells and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) in H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-challenged RAW264.7 cells compared with treated controls in the absence of BWSPHs (<i>p</i> < 0.05). BW-SPH-A-GI also exhibited higher ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) activities than the other BWSPHs tested (<i>p</i> < 0.05). All BWSPHs and SGID BWSPH samples induced immunostimulating effects in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW264.7 macrophages through the upregulation of NO production. BW-SPH-F-GI increased IL-6 and TNF-α levels compared with the LPS controls indicating the liberation of immunomodulatory peptide/amino acids during the SGID process. Therefore, BW-SPH-A and BW-SPH-F may have potential use against oxidative stress and immunosuppression-related diseases, respectively. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:44:25Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-79f740a810ba4c91a14e2c652b89aac1 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:44:25Z |
| publishDate | 2021-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-79f740a810ba4c91a14e2c652b89aac12023-11-22T17:23:59ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172021-10-011120976210.3390/app11209762Blue Whiting Protein Hydrolysates Exhibit Antioxidant and Immunomodulatory Activities in Stimulated Murine RAW264.7 CellsShauna Heffernan0Pádraigín A. Harnedy-Rothwell1Snehal Gite2Jason Whooley3Linda Giblin4Richard J. Fitzgerald5Nora M. O’Brien6School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, IrelandDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, IrelandBio-Marine Ingredients Ireland Ltd., Lough Egish Food Park, A75 WR82 Castleblaney, IrelandBio-Marine Ingredients Ireland Ltd., Lough Egish Food Park, A75 WR82 Castleblaney, IrelandTeagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Cork, IrelandDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, IrelandSchool of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, IrelandThis study investigated the antioxidant and immunomodulatory potential of six blue whiting soluble protein hydrolysates (BWSPHs, BW-SPH-A to -F) and their simulated gastrointestinal digests (SGID, BW-SPH-A-GI to -F-GI) in murine RAW264.7 macrophages. Hydrolysate BW-SPH-A, both pre- and post-SGID, increased endogenous antioxidant glutathione (GSH) in <i>tert</i>-butylhydroperoxide (<i>t</i>BOOH)-treated cells and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) in H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-challenged RAW264.7 cells compared with treated controls in the absence of BWSPHs (<i>p</i> < 0.05). BW-SPH-A-GI also exhibited higher ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) activities than the other BWSPHs tested (<i>p</i> < 0.05). All BWSPHs and SGID BWSPH samples induced immunostimulating effects in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW264.7 macrophages through the upregulation of NO production. BW-SPH-F-GI increased IL-6 and TNF-α levels compared with the LPS controls indicating the liberation of immunomodulatory peptide/amino acids during the SGID process. Therefore, BW-SPH-A and BW-SPH-F may have potential use against oxidative stress and immunosuppression-related diseases, respectively.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/20/9762blue whitingprotein hydrolysatesantioxidantimmunomodulatoryRAW264.7 cells |
| spellingShingle | Shauna Heffernan Pádraigín A. Harnedy-Rothwell Snehal Gite Jason Whooley Linda Giblin Richard J. Fitzgerald Nora M. O’Brien Blue Whiting Protein Hydrolysates Exhibit Antioxidant and Immunomodulatory Activities in Stimulated Murine RAW264.7 Cells Applied Sciences blue whiting protein hydrolysates antioxidant immunomodulatory RAW264.7 cells |
| title | Blue Whiting Protein Hydrolysates Exhibit Antioxidant and Immunomodulatory Activities in Stimulated Murine RAW264.7 Cells |
| title_full | Blue Whiting Protein Hydrolysates Exhibit Antioxidant and Immunomodulatory Activities in Stimulated Murine RAW264.7 Cells |
| title_fullStr | Blue Whiting Protein Hydrolysates Exhibit Antioxidant and Immunomodulatory Activities in Stimulated Murine RAW264.7 Cells |
| title_full_unstemmed | Blue Whiting Protein Hydrolysates Exhibit Antioxidant and Immunomodulatory Activities in Stimulated Murine RAW264.7 Cells |
| title_short | Blue Whiting Protein Hydrolysates Exhibit Antioxidant and Immunomodulatory Activities in Stimulated Murine RAW264.7 Cells |
| title_sort | blue whiting protein hydrolysates exhibit antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities in stimulated murine raw264 7 cells |
| topic | blue whiting protein hydrolysates antioxidant immunomodulatory RAW264.7 cells |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/20/9762 |
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