Spatial distribution and water quality index of Lahore Canal, Pakistan
The Lahore Canal (LC) in Lahore city of Pakistan, with the discharge of 402 cusecs, runs along the city's centre. With rapid urbanization and population growth, the LC water is deteriorating. This study determined the water quality index and spatial distribution of pollutants. Three months of s...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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IWA Publishing
2023-08-01
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| Series: | Water Practice and Technology |
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| Online Access: | http://wpt.iwaponline.com/content/18/8/1791 |
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| author | Muhammad Irfan Jalees Iffat Irfan Asif Ali Madeeha Batool |
| author_facet | Muhammad Irfan Jalees Iffat Irfan Asif Ali Madeeha Batool |
| author_sort | Muhammad Irfan Jalees |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The Lahore Canal (LC) in Lahore city of Pakistan, with the discharge of 402 cusecs, runs along the city's centre. With rapid urbanization and population growth, the LC water is deteriorating. This study determined the water quality index and spatial distribution of pollutants. Three months of sampling from six separate locations were performed. Water quality parameters were analysed. The results indicated that pH, solids, turbidity, hardness, alkalinity, and chlorides were within guidelines, but DO BOD and nitrogen were beyond guidelines. Moderate BOD values (2.24–8.06 mg/L) and low DO values (0.13–3.56 mg/L) indicated a low oxygen environment. Heavy metal concentration was as follows: Fe > Pb > Cr > Cu. The Pearson correlation coefficient indicated ± poor to moderate (0.3–0.7) correlation. The ANOVA result supported the alternative hypothesis, i.e., the pollutants originated from the same source. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis showed three primary sources for the different pollutants based on loading of variance and Euclidean distance, respectively. The WQI of LC at all locations was above 300, indicating that LC water is not suitable for any usage. The spatial distribution of parameters indicated the effects of urbanization and commercialization (small household industries) at Location-4. The poor water quality of LC needs immediate government attention.
HIGHLIGHTS
The Lahore Canal (LC) showed an abundance of organic matter as untreated wastewater is discharged continuously in it.;
The source and correlation study indicated various urban and domestic sources as a point of origin.;
The water quality index of LC was above 300 indicating the LC water is not suitable for any activity.;
The spatial distribution of parameters indicated the effects of urbanization and commercialization.; |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T01:45:30Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-79fdf6dff9cd47b4bc897cce96202ad5 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1751-231X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T01:45:30Z |
| publishDate | 2023-08-01 |
| publisher | IWA Publishing |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Water Practice and Technology |
| spelling | doaj.art-79fdf6dff9cd47b4bc897cce96202ad52023-09-09T08:41:45ZengIWA PublishingWater Practice and Technology1751-231X2023-08-011881791180610.2166/wpt.2023.109109Spatial distribution and water quality index of Lahore Canal, PakistanMuhammad Irfan Jalees0Iffat Irfan1Asif Ali2Madeeha Batool3 Institute of Environmental Engineering and Research, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 54890, Pakistan Institute of Environmental Engineering and Research, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 54890, Pakistan Agricultural Information Department, Research Information Unit, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan School of Chemistry, Punjab University, Lahore, Pakistan The Lahore Canal (LC) in Lahore city of Pakistan, with the discharge of 402 cusecs, runs along the city's centre. With rapid urbanization and population growth, the LC water is deteriorating. This study determined the water quality index and spatial distribution of pollutants. Three months of sampling from six separate locations were performed. Water quality parameters were analysed. The results indicated that pH, solids, turbidity, hardness, alkalinity, and chlorides were within guidelines, but DO BOD and nitrogen were beyond guidelines. Moderate BOD values (2.24–8.06 mg/L) and low DO values (0.13–3.56 mg/L) indicated a low oxygen environment. Heavy metal concentration was as follows: Fe > Pb > Cr > Cu. The Pearson correlation coefficient indicated ± poor to moderate (0.3–0.7) correlation. The ANOVA result supported the alternative hypothesis, i.e., the pollutants originated from the same source. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis showed three primary sources for the different pollutants based on loading of variance and Euclidean distance, respectively. The WQI of LC at all locations was above 300, indicating that LC water is not suitable for any usage. The spatial distribution of parameters indicated the effects of urbanization and commercialization (small household industries) at Location-4. The poor water quality of LC needs immediate government attention. HIGHLIGHTS The Lahore Canal (LC) showed an abundance of organic matter as untreated wastewater is discharged continuously in it.; The source and correlation study indicated various urban and domestic sources as a point of origin.; The water quality index of LC was above 300 indicating the LC water is not suitable for any activity.; The spatial distribution of parameters indicated the effects of urbanization and commercialization.;http://wpt.iwaponline.com/content/18/8/1791lahore canalspatial distributionstatistical modellingwater quality index |
| spellingShingle | Muhammad Irfan Jalees Iffat Irfan Asif Ali Madeeha Batool Spatial distribution and water quality index of Lahore Canal, Pakistan Water Practice and Technology lahore canal spatial distribution statistical modelling water quality index |
| title | Spatial distribution and water quality index of Lahore Canal, Pakistan |
| title_full | Spatial distribution and water quality index of Lahore Canal, Pakistan |
| title_fullStr | Spatial distribution and water quality index of Lahore Canal, Pakistan |
| title_full_unstemmed | Spatial distribution and water quality index of Lahore Canal, Pakistan |
| title_short | Spatial distribution and water quality index of Lahore Canal, Pakistan |
| title_sort | spatial distribution and water quality index of lahore canal pakistan |
| topic | lahore canal spatial distribution statistical modelling water quality index |
| url | http://wpt.iwaponline.com/content/18/8/1791 |
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