Technological and economic analysis of electrokinetic remediation of contaminated soil: A global perspective and its application in Indian scenario
Globally million hectares of land annually is getting contaminated by heavy metalloids like As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, Co, Cu, Ni, Zn, and Se, with current concentrations in soil above geo-baseline or regulatory standards. The heavy metals are highly toxic, mobile, and persistent and hence require immediat...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2024-01-01
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| Series: | Heliyon |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024003244 |
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| author | J. Akansha Somil Thakur M Sai Chaithanya Bhaskar Sen Gupta Sovik Das Bhaskar Das N. Rajasekar K. Priya |
| author_facet | J. Akansha Somil Thakur M Sai Chaithanya Bhaskar Sen Gupta Sovik Das Bhaskar Das N. Rajasekar K. Priya |
| author_sort | J. Akansha |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Globally million hectares of land annually is getting contaminated by heavy metalloids like As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, Co, Cu, Ni, Zn, and Se, with current concentrations in soil above geo-baseline or regulatory standards. The heavy metals are highly toxic, mobile, and persistent and hence require immediate and effective mitigation. There are many available remediation techniques like surface capping, encapsulation, landfilling, soil flushing, soil washing, electrokinetic extraction, stabilization, solidification, vitrification, phytoremediation, and bioremediation which have been evolved to clean up heavy metal-contaminated sites. Nevertheless, all of the technologies have some applicability and limitations making the soil remediation initiative unsustainable. Among the available technologies, electrokinetic remediation (EKR) has been comparatively recognized to mitigate contaminated sites via both in-situ and ex-situ approaches due to its efficiency, suitability for use in low permeability soil, and requirement of low potential gradient. The work critically analyzes the EKR concerning techno, economic, and sustainability aspect for evaluating its application on various substrates and environmental conditions. The current soil contamination status in India is presented and the application of EKR for the heavy metal remediation from soil has been evaluated. The present work summaries a comprehensive and exhaustive review on EKR technology proving its effectiveness for a country like India where the huge amount of waste generated could not be treated due to lack of infrastructure, technology, and economic constraints. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T06:56:00Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-7a0e3f68dcee4172bcf47062f0171196 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2405-8440 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T06:56:00Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Heliyon |
| spelling | doaj.art-7a0e3f68dcee4172bcf47062f01711962024-02-03T06:36:51ZengElsevierHeliyon2405-84402024-01-01102e24293Technological and economic analysis of electrokinetic remediation of contaminated soil: A global perspective and its application in Indian scenarioJ. Akansha0Somil Thakur1M Sai Chaithanya2Bhaskar Sen Gupta3Sovik Das4Bhaskar Das5N. Rajasekar6K. Priya7Department of Environment and Water Resources Engineering, School of Civil Engineering (SCE), Vellore Institute of Technology, Katpadi, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, IndiaDepartment of Environment and Water Resources Engineering, School of Civil Engineering (SCE), Vellore Institute of Technology, Katpadi, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, IndiaDepartment of Environment and Water Resources Engineering, School of Civil Engineering (SCE), Vellore Institute of Technology, Katpadi, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, IndiaSchool of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh Campus, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, Scotland, UKDepartment of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, IndiaDepartment of Environment and Water Resources Engineering, School of Civil Engineering (SCE), Vellore Institute of Technology, Katpadi, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India; Corresponding author.Department of Energy and Power Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Katpadi, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, IndiaDepartment of Energy and Power Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Katpadi, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, IndiaGlobally million hectares of land annually is getting contaminated by heavy metalloids like As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, Co, Cu, Ni, Zn, and Se, with current concentrations in soil above geo-baseline or regulatory standards. The heavy metals are highly toxic, mobile, and persistent and hence require immediate and effective mitigation. There are many available remediation techniques like surface capping, encapsulation, landfilling, soil flushing, soil washing, electrokinetic extraction, stabilization, solidification, vitrification, phytoremediation, and bioremediation which have been evolved to clean up heavy metal-contaminated sites. Nevertheless, all of the technologies have some applicability and limitations making the soil remediation initiative unsustainable. Among the available technologies, electrokinetic remediation (EKR) has been comparatively recognized to mitigate contaminated sites via both in-situ and ex-situ approaches due to its efficiency, suitability for use in low permeability soil, and requirement of low potential gradient. The work critically analyzes the EKR concerning techno, economic, and sustainability aspect for evaluating its application on various substrates and environmental conditions. The current soil contamination status in India is presented and the application of EKR for the heavy metal remediation from soil has been evaluated. The present work summaries a comprehensive and exhaustive review on EKR technology proving its effectiveness for a country like India where the huge amount of waste generated could not be treated due to lack of infrastructure, technology, and economic constraints.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024003244Soil contaminationHeavy metalsSoil remediation techniquesElectrokinetic treatmentHybrid- electrokinetic remediation |
| spellingShingle | J. Akansha Somil Thakur M Sai Chaithanya Bhaskar Sen Gupta Sovik Das Bhaskar Das N. Rajasekar K. Priya Technological and economic analysis of electrokinetic remediation of contaminated soil: A global perspective and its application in Indian scenario Heliyon Soil contamination Heavy metals Soil remediation techniques Electrokinetic treatment Hybrid- electrokinetic remediation |
| title | Technological and economic analysis of electrokinetic remediation of contaminated soil: A global perspective and its application in Indian scenario |
| title_full | Technological and economic analysis of electrokinetic remediation of contaminated soil: A global perspective and its application in Indian scenario |
| title_fullStr | Technological and economic analysis of electrokinetic remediation of contaminated soil: A global perspective and its application in Indian scenario |
| title_full_unstemmed | Technological and economic analysis of electrokinetic remediation of contaminated soil: A global perspective and its application in Indian scenario |
| title_short | Technological and economic analysis of electrokinetic remediation of contaminated soil: A global perspective and its application in Indian scenario |
| title_sort | technological and economic analysis of electrokinetic remediation of contaminated soil a global perspective and its application in indian scenario |
| topic | Soil contamination Heavy metals Soil remediation techniques Electrokinetic treatment Hybrid- electrokinetic remediation |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024003244 |
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