Why Is Eradicating Typhoid Fever So Challenging: Implications for Vaccine and Therapeutic Design
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) and S. Paratyphi, namely typhoidal Salmonellae, are the cause of (para) typhoid fever, which is a devastating systemic infectious disease in humans. In addition, the spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) S. Typhi in many...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2018-07-01
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| Series: | Vaccines |
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| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/6/3/45 |
| _version_ | 1828151497661087744 |
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| author | Yi-An Yang Alexander Chong Jeongmin Song |
| author_facet | Yi-An Yang Alexander Chong Jeongmin Song |
| author_sort | Yi-An Yang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) and S. Paratyphi, namely typhoidal Salmonellae, are the cause of (para) typhoid fever, which is a devastating systemic infectious disease in humans. In addition, the spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) S. Typhi in many low and middle-income countries poses a significant risk to human health. While currently available typhoid vaccines and therapeutics are efficacious, they have some limitations. One important limitation is the lack of controlling individuals who chronically carry S. Typhi. However, due to the strict host specificity of S. Typhi to humans, S. Typhi research is hampered. As a result, our understanding of S. Typhi pathogenesis is incomplete, thereby delaying the development and improvement of prevention and treatment strategies. Nonetheless, to better combat and contain S. Typhi, it is vital to develop a vaccine and therapy for controlling both acutely and chronically infected individuals. This review discusses how scientists are trying to combat typhoid fever, why it is so challenging to do so, which approaches show promise, and what we know about the pathogenesis of S. Typhi chronic infection. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T21:57:32Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-7a3e6194762346e1b16230e4cb5f5790 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-393X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T21:57:32Z |
| publishDate | 2018-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Vaccines |
| spelling | doaj.art-7a3e6194762346e1b16230e4cb5f57902022-12-22T04:01:02ZengMDPI AGVaccines2076-393X2018-07-01634510.3390/vaccines6030045vaccines6030045Why Is Eradicating Typhoid Fever So Challenging: Implications for Vaccine and Therapeutic DesignYi-An Yang0Alexander Chong1Jeongmin Song2Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USADepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USADepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USASalmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) and S. Paratyphi, namely typhoidal Salmonellae, are the cause of (para) typhoid fever, which is a devastating systemic infectious disease in humans. In addition, the spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) S. Typhi in many low and middle-income countries poses a significant risk to human health. While currently available typhoid vaccines and therapeutics are efficacious, they have some limitations. One important limitation is the lack of controlling individuals who chronically carry S. Typhi. However, due to the strict host specificity of S. Typhi to humans, S. Typhi research is hampered. As a result, our understanding of S. Typhi pathogenesis is incomplete, thereby delaying the development and improvement of prevention and treatment strategies. Nonetheless, to better combat and contain S. Typhi, it is vital to develop a vaccine and therapy for controlling both acutely and chronically infected individuals. This review discusses how scientists are trying to combat typhoid fever, why it is so challenging to do so, which approaches show promise, and what we know about the pathogenesis of S. Typhi chronic infection.http://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/6/3/45Salmonella Typhityphoidal Salmonellaevirulencetyphoid fevervaccineshealthy carrierschronic infections |
| spellingShingle | Yi-An Yang Alexander Chong Jeongmin Song Why Is Eradicating Typhoid Fever So Challenging: Implications for Vaccine and Therapeutic Design Vaccines Salmonella Typhi typhoidal Salmonellae virulence typhoid fever vaccines healthy carriers chronic infections |
| title | Why Is Eradicating Typhoid Fever So Challenging: Implications for Vaccine and Therapeutic Design |
| title_full | Why Is Eradicating Typhoid Fever So Challenging: Implications for Vaccine and Therapeutic Design |
| title_fullStr | Why Is Eradicating Typhoid Fever So Challenging: Implications for Vaccine and Therapeutic Design |
| title_full_unstemmed | Why Is Eradicating Typhoid Fever So Challenging: Implications for Vaccine and Therapeutic Design |
| title_short | Why Is Eradicating Typhoid Fever So Challenging: Implications for Vaccine and Therapeutic Design |
| title_sort | why is eradicating typhoid fever so challenging implications for vaccine and therapeutic design |
| topic | Salmonella Typhi typhoidal Salmonellae virulence typhoid fever vaccines healthy carriers chronic infections |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/6/3/45 |
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