<i>Bacillus mycoides</i> PM35 Reinforces Photosynthetic Efficiency, Antioxidant Defense, Expression of Stress-Responsive Genes, and Ameliorates the Effects of Salinity Stress in Maize
Soil salinity is one of the abiotic constraints that imbalance nutrient acquisition, hampers plant growth, and leads to potential loss in agricultural productivity. Salt-tolerant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can alleviate the adverse impacts of salt stress by mediating molecular, bioc...
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MDPI AG
2022-01-01
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| Series: | Life |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/12/2/219 |
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| author | Baber Ali Xiukang Wang Muhammad Hamzah Saleem Muhammad Atif Azeem Muhammad Siddique Afridi Mehwish Nadeem Mehreen Ghazal Tayyaba Batool Ayesha Qayyum Aishah Alatawi Shafaqat Ali |
| author_facet | Baber Ali Xiukang Wang Muhammad Hamzah Saleem Muhammad Atif Azeem Muhammad Siddique Afridi Mehwish Nadeem Mehreen Ghazal Tayyaba Batool Ayesha Qayyum Aishah Alatawi Shafaqat Ali |
| author_sort | Baber Ali |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Soil salinity is one of the abiotic constraints that imbalance nutrient acquisition, hampers plant growth, and leads to potential loss in agricultural productivity. Salt-tolerant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can alleviate the adverse impacts of salt stress by mediating molecular, biochemical, and physiological status. In the present study, the bacterium <i>Bacillus mycoides</i> PM35 showed resistance up to 3 M NaCl stress and exhibited plant growth-promoting features. Under salinity stress, the halo-tolerant bacterium <i>B. mycoides</i> PM35 showed significant plant growth-promoting traits, such as the production of indole acetic acid, siderophore, ACC deaminase, and exopolysaccharides. Inoculation of <i>B. mycoides</i> PM35 alleviated salt stress in plants and enhanced shoot and root length under salinity stress (0, 300, 600, and 900 mM). The <i>B. mycoides</i> PM35 alleviated salinity stress by enhancing the photosynthetic pigments, carotenoids, radical scavenging capacity, soluble sugars, and protein content in inoculated maize plants compared to non-inoculated plants. In addition, <i>B. mycoides</i> PM35 significantly boosted antioxidant activities, relative water content, flavonoid, phenolic content, and osmolytes while reducing electrolyte leakage, H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, and MDA in maize compared to control plants. Genes conferring abiotic stress tolerance (<i>CzcD, sfp,</i> and <i>srfAA</i> genes) were amplified in <i>B. mycoides</i> PM35. Moreover, all reactions are accompanied by the upregulation of stress-related genes (APX and SOD). Our study reveals that <i>B. mycoides</i> PM35 is capable of promoting plant growth and increasing agricultural productivity. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T21:35:26Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2075-1729 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T21:35:26Z |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-7a4d0144970b440b90eaf9559111d6c92023-11-23T20:45:57ZengMDPI AGLife2075-17292022-01-0112221910.3390/life12020219<i>Bacillus mycoides</i> PM35 Reinforces Photosynthetic Efficiency, Antioxidant Defense, Expression of Stress-Responsive Genes, and Ameliorates the Effects of Salinity Stress in MaizeBaber Ali0Xiukang Wang1Muhammad Hamzah Saleem2Muhammad Atif Azeem3Muhammad Siddique Afridi4Mehwish Nadeem5Mehreen Ghazal6Tayyaba Batool7Ayesha Qayyum8Aishah Alatawi9Shafaqat Ali10Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, PakistanCollege of Life Sciences, Yan’an University, Yan’an 716000, ChinaCollege of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, ChinaDepartment of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, PakistanDepartment of Plant Pathology, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras 37200-900, BrazilDepartment of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, PakistanDepartment of Botany, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda 24420, PakistanDepartment of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, PakistanDepartment of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, PakistanBiology Department, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71421, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Environmental Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, PakistanSoil salinity is one of the abiotic constraints that imbalance nutrient acquisition, hampers plant growth, and leads to potential loss in agricultural productivity. Salt-tolerant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can alleviate the adverse impacts of salt stress by mediating molecular, biochemical, and physiological status. In the present study, the bacterium <i>Bacillus mycoides</i> PM35 showed resistance up to 3 M NaCl stress and exhibited plant growth-promoting features. Under salinity stress, the halo-tolerant bacterium <i>B. mycoides</i> PM35 showed significant plant growth-promoting traits, such as the production of indole acetic acid, siderophore, ACC deaminase, and exopolysaccharides. Inoculation of <i>B. mycoides</i> PM35 alleviated salt stress in plants and enhanced shoot and root length under salinity stress (0, 300, 600, and 900 mM). The <i>B. mycoides</i> PM35 alleviated salinity stress by enhancing the photosynthetic pigments, carotenoids, radical scavenging capacity, soluble sugars, and protein content in inoculated maize plants compared to non-inoculated plants. In addition, <i>B. mycoides</i> PM35 significantly boosted antioxidant activities, relative water content, flavonoid, phenolic content, and osmolytes while reducing electrolyte leakage, H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, and MDA in maize compared to control plants. Genes conferring abiotic stress tolerance (<i>CzcD, sfp,</i> and <i>srfAA</i> genes) were amplified in <i>B. mycoides</i> PM35. Moreover, all reactions are accompanied by the upregulation of stress-related genes (APX and SOD). Our study reveals that <i>B. mycoides</i> PM35 is capable of promoting plant growth and increasing agricultural productivity.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/12/2/219abiotic stressplant growth-promoting bacteriaplant–microbe interactionssalinity stressbio-surfactant |
| spellingShingle | Baber Ali Xiukang Wang Muhammad Hamzah Saleem Muhammad Atif Azeem Muhammad Siddique Afridi Mehwish Nadeem Mehreen Ghazal Tayyaba Batool Ayesha Qayyum Aishah Alatawi Shafaqat Ali <i>Bacillus mycoides</i> PM35 Reinforces Photosynthetic Efficiency, Antioxidant Defense, Expression of Stress-Responsive Genes, and Ameliorates the Effects of Salinity Stress in Maize Life abiotic stress plant growth-promoting bacteria plant–microbe interactions salinity stress bio-surfactant |
| title | <i>Bacillus mycoides</i> PM35 Reinforces Photosynthetic Efficiency, Antioxidant Defense, Expression of Stress-Responsive Genes, and Ameliorates the Effects of Salinity Stress in Maize |
| title_full | <i>Bacillus mycoides</i> PM35 Reinforces Photosynthetic Efficiency, Antioxidant Defense, Expression of Stress-Responsive Genes, and Ameliorates the Effects of Salinity Stress in Maize |
| title_fullStr | <i>Bacillus mycoides</i> PM35 Reinforces Photosynthetic Efficiency, Antioxidant Defense, Expression of Stress-Responsive Genes, and Ameliorates the Effects of Salinity Stress in Maize |
| title_full_unstemmed | <i>Bacillus mycoides</i> PM35 Reinforces Photosynthetic Efficiency, Antioxidant Defense, Expression of Stress-Responsive Genes, and Ameliorates the Effects of Salinity Stress in Maize |
| title_short | <i>Bacillus mycoides</i> PM35 Reinforces Photosynthetic Efficiency, Antioxidant Defense, Expression of Stress-Responsive Genes, and Ameliorates the Effects of Salinity Stress in Maize |
| title_sort | i bacillus mycoides i pm35 reinforces photosynthetic efficiency antioxidant defense expression of stress responsive genes and ameliorates the effects of salinity stress in maize |
| topic | abiotic stress plant growth-promoting bacteria plant–microbe interactions salinity stress bio-surfactant |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/12/2/219 |
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