The Influence of Long-Term Storage on the Epiphytic Microbiome of Postharvest Apples and on <i>Penicillium expansum</i> Occurrence and Patulin Accumulation
Patulin is a secondary metabolite primarily synthesized by the fungus <i>Penicillium expansum</i>, which is responsible for blue mold disease on apples. The latter are highly susceptible to fungal infection in the postharvest stages. Apples destined to produce compotes are processed thro...
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MDPI AG
2024-02-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/16/2/102 |
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| author | Reem Al Riachy Caroline Strub Noël Durand Vincent Chochois Félicie Lopez-Lauri Angélique Fontana Sabine Schorr-Galindo |
| author_facet | Reem Al Riachy Caroline Strub Noël Durand Vincent Chochois Félicie Lopez-Lauri Angélique Fontana Sabine Schorr-Galindo |
| author_sort | Reem Al Riachy |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Patulin is a secondary metabolite primarily synthesized by the fungus <i>Penicillium expansum</i>, which is responsible for blue mold disease on apples. The latter are highly susceptible to fungal infection in the postharvest stages. Apples destined to produce compotes are processed throughout the year, which implies that long periods of storage are required under controlled atmospheres. <i>P. expansum</i> is capable of infecting apples throughout the whole process, and patulin can be detected in the end-product. In the present study, 455 apples (organically and conventionally grown), destined to produce compotes, of the variety “Golden Delicious” were sampled at multiple postharvest steps. The apple samples were analyzed for their patulin content and <i>P. expansum</i> was quantified using real-time PCR. The patulin results showed no significant differences between the two cultivation techniques; however, two critical control points were identified: the long-term storage and the deck storage of apples at ambient temperature before transport. Additionally, alterations in the epiphytic microbiota of both fungi and bacteria throughout various steps were investigated through the application of a metabarcoding approach. The alpha and beta diversity analysis highlighted the effect of long-term storage, causing an increase in the bacterial and fungal diversity on apples, and showed significant differences in the microbial communities during the different postharvest steps. The different network analyses demonstrated intra-species relationships. Multiple pairs of fungal and bacterial competitive relationships were observed. Positive interactions were also observed between <i>P. expansum</i> and multiple fungal and bacterial species. These network analyses provide a basis for further fungal and bacterial interaction analyses for fruit disease biocontrol. |
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| format | Article |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-07T22:12:07Z |
| publishDate | 2024-02-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-7a4ec668d7e54838be4ab2bff588849b2024-02-23T15:36:36ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512024-02-0116210210.3390/toxins16020102The Influence of Long-Term Storage on the Epiphytic Microbiome of Postharvest Apples and on <i>Penicillium expansum</i> Occurrence and Patulin AccumulationReem Al Riachy0Caroline Strub1Noël Durand2Vincent Chochois3Félicie Lopez-Lauri4Angélique Fontana5Sabine Schorr-Galindo6Qualisud, Univ Montpellier, Univ d’Avignon, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Univ de La Réunion, Montpellier, FranceQualisud, Univ Montpellier, Univ d’Avignon, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Univ de La Réunion, Montpellier, FranceQualisud, Univ Montpellier, Univ d’Avignon, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Univ de La Réunion, Montpellier, FranceQualisud, Univ Montpellier, Univ d’Avignon, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Univ de La Réunion, Montpellier, FranceQualisud, Univ Montpellier, Univ d’Avignon, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Univ de La Réunion, Montpellier, FranceQualisud, Univ Montpellier, Univ d’Avignon, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Univ de La Réunion, Montpellier, FranceQualisud, Univ Montpellier, Univ d’Avignon, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Univ de La Réunion, Montpellier, FrancePatulin is a secondary metabolite primarily synthesized by the fungus <i>Penicillium expansum</i>, which is responsible for blue mold disease on apples. The latter are highly susceptible to fungal infection in the postharvest stages. Apples destined to produce compotes are processed throughout the year, which implies that long periods of storage are required under controlled atmospheres. <i>P. expansum</i> is capable of infecting apples throughout the whole process, and patulin can be detected in the end-product. In the present study, 455 apples (organically and conventionally grown), destined to produce compotes, of the variety “Golden Delicious” were sampled at multiple postharvest steps. The apple samples were analyzed for their patulin content and <i>P. expansum</i> was quantified using real-time PCR. The patulin results showed no significant differences between the two cultivation techniques; however, two critical control points were identified: the long-term storage and the deck storage of apples at ambient temperature before transport. Additionally, alterations in the epiphytic microbiota of both fungi and bacteria throughout various steps were investigated through the application of a metabarcoding approach. The alpha and beta diversity analysis highlighted the effect of long-term storage, causing an increase in the bacterial and fungal diversity on apples, and showed significant differences in the microbial communities during the different postharvest steps. The different network analyses demonstrated intra-species relationships. Multiple pairs of fungal and bacterial competitive relationships were observed. Positive interactions were also observed between <i>P. expansum</i> and multiple fungal and bacterial species. These network analyses provide a basis for further fungal and bacterial interaction analyses for fruit disease biocontrol.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/16/2/102applepatulin<i>Penicillium expansum</i>epiphytic microbiome |
| spellingShingle | Reem Al Riachy Caroline Strub Noël Durand Vincent Chochois Félicie Lopez-Lauri Angélique Fontana Sabine Schorr-Galindo The Influence of Long-Term Storage on the Epiphytic Microbiome of Postharvest Apples and on <i>Penicillium expansum</i> Occurrence and Patulin Accumulation Toxins apple patulin <i>Penicillium expansum</i> epiphytic microbiome |
| title | The Influence of Long-Term Storage on the Epiphytic Microbiome of Postharvest Apples and on <i>Penicillium expansum</i> Occurrence and Patulin Accumulation |
| title_full | The Influence of Long-Term Storage on the Epiphytic Microbiome of Postharvest Apples and on <i>Penicillium expansum</i> Occurrence and Patulin Accumulation |
| title_fullStr | The Influence of Long-Term Storage on the Epiphytic Microbiome of Postharvest Apples and on <i>Penicillium expansum</i> Occurrence and Patulin Accumulation |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Influence of Long-Term Storage on the Epiphytic Microbiome of Postharvest Apples and on <i>Penicillium expansum</i> Occurrence and Patulin Accumulation |
| title_short | The Influence of Long-Term Storage on the Epiphytic Microbiome of Postharvest Apples and on <i>Penicillium expansum</i> Occurrence and Patulin Accumulation |
| title_sort | influence of long term storage on the epiphytic microbiome of postharvest apples and on i penicillium expansum i occurrence and patulin accumulation |
| topic | apple patulin <i>Penicillium expansum</i> epiphytic microbiome |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/16/2/102 |
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