Access to water sources and intimate partner violence against women in 26 Sub-Saharan African countries
Background: Intimate partner violence (IPV) against women is a serious problem in many developing countries. Longer distance traveled to access water services may affect women's ability to meet domestic obligations and results in violence. However, the associations between times spent by women...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2023-09-01
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| Series: | Hygiene and Environmental Health Advances |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773049223000193 |
| _version_ | 1797706859150311424 |
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| author | Jovine Bachwenkizi Hussein Mohamed Priscilla Funsan Dennis Rweyemamu William Nelson Magdalena Shao Heribert Kaijage Namakau Muyumbana Said Salehe Luco P. Mwelange Saumu Shabani Baldwina T. Olirk Simon Mamuya Jane Mlimbila |
| author_facet | Jovine Bachwenkizi Hussein Mohamed Priscilla Funsan Dennis Rweyemamu William Nelson Magdalena Shao Heribert Kaijage Namakau Muyumbana Said Salehe Luco P. Mwelange Saumu Shabani Baldwina T. Olirk Simon Mamuya Jane Mlimbila |
| author_sort | Jovine Bachwenkizi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: Intimate partner violence (IPV) against women is a serious problem in many developing countries. Longer distance traveled to access water services may affect women's ability to meet domestic obligations and results in violence. However, the associations between times spent by women to access water services and intimate partner violence against women in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) remain unknown. Methods: We used population-based data collected from demographic and health surveys (DHS) in 26 SSA, to examine the associations between round-trip time to water sources and IPV. We estimated round-trip time to water sources based on the self-reported experience of women through their time spent collecting water during the period of 2008 and 2020 as presented in the DHS surveys. Primary outcomes were all self-reported and were derived from the DHS questionnaires about IPV, especially physical violence. We categorized IPV into two groups (Severe and less severe IPV). Respondents who reported being kicked, strangled, threatened with a knife/gun or other weapons by their husbands, or hurt were pooled together and labelled as having experienced severe IPV. Those who claimed to have been pushed, had their arms twisted, or had their hair pulled were grouped and classified as less severe forms of violence. Multivariable logistic regression was performed by fitting crude models and adjusted models. We also conducted a sensitivity analysis, stratification, and country-specific analysis to examine the contributions of these factors to the associations between round-trip time to water sources and IPV. The estimated results are presented as an odds ratio (OR) and their 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: A total of 14,714 (11.2%) women faced severe IPV and 38,222 (28.9%) faced less severe IPV. Results showed that a 30 min increase in round-trip fetching time was associated with an increase in severe IPV and the crude OR was 1.06 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.07) for all 26 countries. After adjusting for covariates, the association of round-trip time to water sources and severe IPV remained positive and significant with an OR of 1.03 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.05). Furthermore, there were positive and significant associations between round-trip time and less severe IPV before and after adjusting for covariates. There were positive associations between round-trip time to basic access to water sources and severe IPV with an OR of 1.08 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.10). For potential effect modifiers, our results revealed disparities in IPV estimates stratified by husbands who consumed alcohol, level of education of husbands, and age of respective women. There were differences in the estimates between countries, the largest increment in severe IPV was observed in Comoros, Sierra Leone, and Namibia. Conclusions: This cross-sectional study provides persuasive evidence for the association between round-trip time to water sources and IPV. Our results highlight the need to protect women against IPV by ensuring proper access to water services in communities faced with water insecurity. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T05:57:34Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-7a6461bda63943898beae005d5765cb1 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2773-0492 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T05:57:34Z |
| publishDate | 2023-09-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Hygiene and Environmental Health Advances |
| spelling | doaj.art-7a6461bda63943898beae005d5765cb12023-09-03T04:24:41ZengElsevierHygiene and Environmental Health Advances2773-04922023-09-017100063Access to water sources and intimate partner violence against women in 26 Sub-Saharan African countriesJovine Bachwenkizi0Hussein Mohamed1Priscilla Funsan2Dennis Rweyemamu3William Nelson4Magdalena Shao5Heribert Kaijage6Namakau Muyumbana7Said Salehe8Luco P. Mwelange9Saumu Shabani10Baldwina T. Olirk11Simon Mamuya12Jane Mlimbila13Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65015, 9 United Nations Road, Upanga West, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Corresponding author.Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65015, 9 United Nations Road, Upanga West, Dar es Salaam, TanzaniaDepartment of Nursing and Midwifery, Mzuzu University, P/Bag 201, Mzuzu, MalawiDepartment of Environmental and Occupational Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65015, 9 United Nations Road, Upanga West, Dar es Salaam, TanzaniaDepartment of Environmental and Occupational Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65015, 9 United Nations Road, Upanga West, Dar es Salaam, TanzaniaDepartment of Environmental and Occupational Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65015, 9 United Nations Road, Upanga West, Dar es Salaam, TanzaniaDepartment of Medical Sciences and Technology, Mbeya University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 131, Mbeya, TanzaniaDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, ZambiaDepartment of Environmental and Occupational Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65015, 9 United Nations Road, Upanga West, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, AHC4-443, Miami, FL 33199, USADepartment of Environmental and Occupational Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65015, 9 United Nations Road, Upanga West, Dar es Salaam, TanzaniaDepartment of Environmental and Occupational Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65015, 9 United Nations Road, Upanga West, Dar es Salaam, TanzaniaDepartment of Occupational Health and Safety, Muhimbili National Hospital, P.O. Box 65000, Dar es Salaam, TanzaniaDepartment of Environmental and Occupational Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65015, 9 United Nations Road, Upanga West, Dar es Salaam, TanzaniaDepartment of Environmental and Occupational Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65015, 9 United Nations Road, Upanga West, Dar es Salaam, TanzaniaBackground: Intimate partner violence (IPV) against women is a serious problem in many developing countries. Longer distance traveled to access water services may affect women's ability to meet domestic obligations and results in violence. However, the associations between times spent by women to access water services and intimate partner violence against women in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) remain unknown. Methods: We used population-based data collected from demographic and health surveys (DHS) in 26 SSA, to examine the associations between round-trip time to water sources and IPV. We estimated round-trip time to water sources based on the self-reported experience of women through their time spent collecting water during the period of 2008 and 2020 as presented in the DHS surveys. Primary outcomes were all self-reported and were derived from the DHS questionnaires about IPV, especially physical violence. We categorized IPV into two groups (Severe and less severe IPV). Respondents who reported being kicked, strangled, threatened with a knife/gun or other weapons by their husbands, or hurt were pooled together and labelled as having experienced severe IPV. Those who claimed to have been pushed, had their arms twisted, or had their hair pulled were grouped and classified as less severe forms of violence. Multivariable logistic regression was performed by fitting crude models and adjusted models. We also conducted a sensitivity analysis, stratification, and country-specific analysis to examine the contributions of these factors to the associations between round-trip time to water sources and IPV. The estimated results are presented as an odds ratio (OR) and their 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: A total of 14,714 (11.2%) women faced severe IPV and 38,222 (28.9%) faced less severe IPV. Results showed that a 30 min increase in round-trip fetching time was associated with an increase in severe IPV and the crude OR was 1.06 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.07) for all 26 countries. After adjusting for covariates, the association of round-trip time to water sources and severe IPV remained positive and significant with an OR of 1.03 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.05). Furthermore, there were positive and significant associations between round-trip time and less severe IPV before and after adjusting for covariates. There were positive associations between round-trip time to basic access to water sources and severe IPV with an OR of 1.08 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.10). For potential effect modifiers, our results revealed disparities in IPV estimates stratified by husbands who consumed alcohol, level of education of husbands, and age of respective women. There were differences in the estimates between countries, the largest increment in severe IPV was observed in Comoros, Sierra Leone, and Namibia. Conclusions: This cross-sectional study provides persuasive evidence for the association between round-trip time to water sources and IPV. Our results highlight the need to protect women against IPV by ensuring proper access to water services in communities faced with water insecurity.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773049223000193Intimate partner violence (IPV)Water sourcesRound-trip fetching time |
| spellingShingle | Jovine Bachwenkizi Hussein Mohamed Priscilla Funsan Dennis Rweyemamu William Nelson Magdalena Shao Heribert Kaijage Namakau Muyumbana Said Salehe Luco P. Mwelange Saumu Shabani Baldwina T. Olirk Simon Mamuya Jane Mlimbila Access to water sources and intimate partner violence against women in 26 Sub-Saharan African countries Hygiene and Environmental Health Advances Intimate partner violence (IPV) Water sources Round-trip fetching time |
| title | Access to water sources and intimate partner violence against women in 26 Sub-Saharan African countries |
| title_full | Access to water sources and intimate partner violence against women in 26 Sub-Saharan African countries |
| title_fullStr | Access to water sources and intimate partner violence against women in 26 Sub-Saharan African countries |
| title_full_unstemmed | Access to water sources and intimate partner violence against women in 26 Sub-Saharan African countries |
| title_short | Access to water sources and intimate partner violence against women in 26 Sub-Saharan African countries |
| title_sort | access to water sources and intimate partner violence against women in 26 sub saharan african countries |
| topic | Intimate partner violence (IPV) Water sources Round-trip fetching time |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773049223000193 |
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