Effect of a Ridge-Furrow Mulching System and Limited Supplementary Irrigation on N<sub>2</sub>O Emission Characteristics and Grain Yield of Winter Wheat (<em>Triticum aestivum</em> L.) Fields under Dryland Conditions
Knowledge of the characteristics of N<sub>2</sub>O emissions and the influential mechanism is of great significance to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions in semi-arid areas. In the present study, a three-year water-control study was conducted; three simulated rainfall amounts (heavy, norm...
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MDPI AG
2022-04-01
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| Series: | Agriculture |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/12/5/621 |
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| author | Yueyue Xu Yingxin Wang Xiangcheng Ma Tie Cai Zhikuan Jia |
| author_facet | Yueyue Xu Yingxin Wang Xiangcheng Ma Tie Cai Zhikuan Jia |
| author_sort | Yueyue Xu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Knowledge of the characteristics of N<sub>2</sub>O emissions and the influential mechanism is of great significance to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions in semi-arid areas. In the present study, a three-year water-control study was conducted; three simulated rainfall amounts (heavy, normal, and light rainfall = 275, 200, and 125 mm, respectively), two wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum L.</i>) planting modes (RF (ridge–furrow mulching system) and TF (traditional flat planting)) and four supplementary irrigation amounts (150, 75, 37.5, and 0 mm) were set up. The effects of different cultivation methods and irrigation amounts on soil N<sub>2</sub>O emissions, the soil water content, available nitrogen content, and denitrifying enzyme activity were investigated to clarify the N<sub>2</sub>O emission mechanism in winter wheat fields (<i>Triticum aestivum L.</i>). The results obtained after three years showed that compared with TF, the N<sub>2</sub>O emissions under RF decreased by 21.62–30.72% (<i>p</i> < 0.001), whereas the soil water content increased by 6.26–8.82%, the available nitrogen content decreased by 1.71–16.24%, and the denitrifying enzyme activities increased by 0.2–24.16% under heavy rainfall conditions. Under conditions with normal and light rainfall, the N<sub>2</sub>O emission fluxes under RF increased by 3.66–12.46% and 6.08–15.57% (<i>p</i> > 0.05), while the soil water contents increased by 6.13–11.49% and 8.05–13.88%, the soil available nitrogen contents decreased by 11.0–21.42% and 19.93–34.44%, and the denitrifying enzyme activities increased by 0.01–24.08% and 0.03–20.79% compared with TF. Principal component analysis showed that the main factors related to N<sub>2</sub>O emissions under RF were the soil moisture content and available nitrogen content; these factors combined explained 94.37% the variation of the N<sub>2</sub>O emissions. However, the main factors under TF were the soil moisture content and denitrifying enzyme activity; these factors combined explained 85.81%. In the heavy and normal rainfall years, compared with TF, using RF and 75 mm irrigation achieved the goal of reducing water usage as well as decreasing the N<sub>2</sub>O emissions (or N<sub>2</sub>O increase was not significant). In light rainfall years, RF with 150 mm irrigation obtained significant reductions in water usage compared with TF but it also increased the N<sub>2</sub>O emission flux. Under different rainfall years, the yield of RF increased by 2.89–50.44% compared with the TF system, and the increase in wheat grain yield increased with decreasing rainfall. |
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| spelling | doaj.art-7a64a3d449594736b5fa2fc9c9bdfe472023-11-23T09:39:10ZengMDPI AGAgriculture2077-04722022-04-0112562110.3390/agriculture12050621Effect of a Ridge-Furrow Mulching System and Limited Supplementary Irrigation on N<sub>2</sub>O Emission Characteristics and Grain Yield of Winter Wheat (<em>Triticum aestivum</em> L.) Fields under Dryland ConditionsYueyue Xu0Yingxin Wang1Xiangcheng Ma2Tie Cai3Zhikuan Jia4Shanxi Institute of Organic Dryland Farming, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, ChinaCollege of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Xi’an 712100, ChinaCollege of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Xi’an 712100, ChinaCollege of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Xi’an 712100, ChinaCollege of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Xi’an 712100, ChinaKnowledge of the characteristics of N<sub>2</sub>O emissions and the influential mechanism is of great significance to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions in semi-arid areas. In the present study, a three-year water-control study was conducted; three simulated rainfall amounts (heavy, normal, and light rainfall = 275, 200, and 125 mm, respectively), two wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum L.</i>) planting modes (RF (ridge–furrow mulching system) and TF (traditional flat planting)) and four supplementary irrigation amounts (150, 75, 37.5, and 0 mm) were set up. The effects of different cultivation methods and irrigation amounts on soil N<sub>2</sub>O emissions, the soil water content, available nitrogen content, and denitrifying enzyme activity were investigated to clarify the N<sub>2</sub>O emission mechanism in winter wheat fields (<i>Triticum aestivum L.</i>). The results obtained after three years showed that compared with TF, the N<sub>2</sub>O emissions under RF decreased by 21.62–30.72% (<i>p</i> < 0.001), whereas the soil water content increased by 6.26–8.82%, the available nitrogen content decreased by 1.71–16.24%, and the denitrifying enzyme activities increased by 0.2–24.16% under heavy rainfall conditions. Under conditions with normal and light rainfall, the N<sub>2</sub>O emission fluxes under RF increased by 3.66–12.46% and 6.08–15.57% (<i>p</i> > 0.05), while the soil water contents increased by 6.13–11.49% and 8.05–13.88%, the soil available nitrogen contents decreased by 11.0–21.42% and 19.93–34.44%, and the denitrifying enzyme activities increased by 0.01–24.08% and 0.03–20.79% compared with TF. Principal component analysis showed that the main factors related to N<sub>2</sub>O emissions under RF were the soil moisture content and available nitrogen content; these factors combined explained 94.37% the variation of the N<sub>2</sub>O emissions. However, the main factors under TF were the soil moisture content and denitrifying enzyme activity; these factors combined explained 85.81%. In the heavy and normal rainfall years, compared with TF, using RF and 75 mm irrigation achieved the goal of reducing water usage as well as decreasing the N<sub>2</sub>O emissions (or N<sub>2</sub>O increase was not significant). In light rainfall years, RF with 150 mm irrigation obtained significant reductions in water usage compared with TF but it also increased the N<sub>2</sub>O emission flux. Under different rainfall years, the yield of RF increased by 2.89–50.44% compared with the TF system, and the increase in wheat grain yield increased with decreasing rainfall.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/12/5/621<i>Triticum aestivum L</i>.saving waterN<sub>2</sub>O emission fluxgrain yieldsoil water content |
| spellingShingle | Yueyue Xu Yingxin Wang Xiangcheng Ma Tie Cai Zhikuan Jia Effect of a Ridge-Furrow Mulching System and Limited Supplementary Irrigation on N<sub>2</sub>O Emission Characteristics and Grain Yield of Winter Wheat (<em>Triticum aestivum</em> L.) Fields under Dryland Conditions Agriculture <i>Triticum aestivum L</i>. saving water N<sub>2</sub>O emission flux grain yield soil water content |
| title | Effect of a Ridge-Furrow Mulching System and Limited Supplementary Irrigation on N<sub>2</sub>O Emission Characteristics and Grain Yield of Winter Wheat (<em>Triticum aestivum</em> L.) Fields under Dryland Conditions |
| title_full | Effect of a Ridge-Furrow Mulching System and Limited Supplementary Irrigation on N<sub>2</sub>O Emission Characteristics and Grain Yield of Winter Wheat (<em>Triticum aestivum</em> L.) Fields under Dryland Conditions |
| title_fullStr | Effect of a Ridge-Furrow Mulching System and Limited Supplementary Irrigation on N<sub>2</sub>O Emission Characteristics and Grain Yield of Winter Wheat (<em>Triticum aestivum</em> L.) Fields under Dryland Conditions |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effect of a Ridge-Furrow Mulching System and Limited Supplementary Irrigation on N<sub>2</sub>O Emission Characteristics and Grain Yield of Winter Wheat (<em>Triticum aestivum</em> L.) Fields under Dryland Conditions |
| title_short | Effect of a Ridge-Furrow Mulching System and Limited Supplementary Irrigation on N<sub>2</sub>O Emission Characteristics and Grain Yield of Winter Wheat (<em>Triticum aestivum</em> L.) Fields under Dryland Conditions |
| title_sort | effect of a ridge furrow mulching system and limited supplementary irrigation on n sub 2 sub o emission characteristics and grain yield of winter wheat em triticum aestivum em l fields under dryland conditions |
| topic | <i>Triticum aestivum L</i>. saving water N<sub>2</sub>O emission flux grain yield soil water content |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/12/5/621 |
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