Microbial Biofertilisers in Plant Production and Resistance: A Review
In sustainable agriculture, plant nutrients are the most important elements. Biofertilisers introduce microorganisms that improve the nutrient status of plants and increase their accessibility to crops. To meet the demands of a growing population, it is necessary to produce healthy crops using the r...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-08-01
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| Series: | Agriculture |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/13/9/1666 |
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| author | Domenico Prisa Roberto Fresco Damiano Spagnuolo |
| author_facet | Domenico Prisa Roberto Fresco Damiano Spagnuolo |
| author_sort | Domenico Prisa |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In sustainable agriculture, plant nutrients are the most important elements. Biofertilisers introduce microorganisms that improve the nutrient status of plants and increase their accessibility to crops. To meet the demands of a growing population, it is necessary to produce healthy crops using the right type of fertilisers to provide them with all the key nutrients they need. However, the increasing dependence on chemical fertilisers is destroying the environment and negatively affecting human health. Therefore, it is believed that the use of microbes as bioinoculants, used together with chemical fertilisers, is the best strategy to increase plant growth and soil fertility. In sustainable agriculture, these microbes bring significant benefits to crops. In addition to colonising plant systems (epiphytes, endophytes and rhizospheres), beneficial microbes play a key role in the uptake of nutrients from surrounding ecosystems. Microorganisms, especially fungi, also play a protective function in plants, enhancing the responses of defence systems, and play a key role in situations related to soil iron deficiency or phosphorous solubilisation. Plant-associated microbes can thus promote plant growth regardless of natural and extreme conditions. The most frequently used strategies for growth-promoting microorganisms are nitrogen fixation, the production of growth hormones, siderophores, HCN, various hydrolytic enzymes and the solubilisation of potassium, zinc and phosphorous. Research on biofertilisers has been extensive and available, demonstrating how these microbes can provide crops with sufficient nutrients to increase yields. This review examines in detail the direct and indirect mechanisms of PGPR action and their interactions in plant growth and resistance. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T23:09:34Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-7a8cb7cd49a7497dbc4a4da822016db2 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-0472 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T23:09:34Z |
| publishDate | 2023-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Agriculture |
| spelling | doaj.art-7a8cb7cd49a7497dbc4a4da822016db22023-11-19T09:05:39ZengMDPI AGAgriculture2077-04722023-08-01139166610.3390/agriculture13091666Microbial Biofertilisers in Plant Production and Resistance: A ReviewDomenico Prisa0Roberto Fresco1Damiano Spagnuolo2CREA, Research Centre for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Via Dei Fiori 8, 51012 Pescia, ItalyCREA, Research Centre for Engineering and Agri-Food Transformation, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Via della Pascolare 16, 00016 Monterotondo, ItalyDepartment of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Salita Sperone 31, 98166 Messina, ItalyIn sustainable agriculture, plant nutrients are the most important elements. Biofertilisers introduce microorganisms that improve the nutrient status of plants and increase their accessibility to crops. To meet the demands of a growing population, it is necessary to produce healthy crops using the right type of fertilisers to provide them with all the key nutrients they need. However, the increasing dependence on chemical fertilisers is destroying the environment and negatively affecting human health. Therefore, it is believed that the use of microbes as bioinoculants, used together with chemical fertilisers, is the best strategy to increase plant growth and soil fertility. In sustainable agriculture, these microbes bring significant benefits to crops. In addition to colonising plant systems (epiphytes, endophytes and rhizospheres), beneficial microbes play a key role in the uptake of nutrients from surrounding ecosystems. Microorganisms, especially fungi, also play a protective function in plants, enhancing the responses of defence systems, and play a key role in situations related to soil iron deficiency or phosphorous solubilisation. Plant-associated microbes can thus promote plant growth regardless of natural and extreme conditions. The most frequently used strategies for growth-promoting microorganisms are nitrogen fixation, the production of growth hormones, siderophores, HCN, various hydrolytic enzymes and the solubilisation of potassium, zinc and phosphorous. Research on biofertilisers has been extensive and available, demonstrating how these microbes can provide crops with sufficient nutrients to increase yields. This review examines in detail the direct and indirect mechanisms of PGPR action and their interactions in plant growth and resistance.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/13/9/1666microbial biofertilisersmicrobial symbiosesplant interactionscrop resistanceplant stimulationsustainable agriculture |
| spellingShingle | Domenico Prisa Roberto Fresco Damiano Spagnuolo Microbial Biofertilisers in Plant Production and Resistance: A Review Agriculture microbial biofertilisers microbial symbioses plant interactions crop resistance plant stimulation sustainable agriculture |
| title | Microbial Biofertilisers in Plant Production and Resistance: A Review |
| title_full | Microbial Biofertilisers in Plant Production and Resistance: A Review |
| title_fullStr | Microbial Biofertilisers in Plant Production and Resistance: A Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Microbial Biofertilisers in Plant Production and Resistance: A Review |
| title_short | Microbial Biofertilisers in Plant Production and Resistance: A Review |
| title_sort | microbial biofertilisers in plant production and resistance a review |
| topic | microbial biofertilisers microbial symbioses plant interactions crop resistance plant stimulation sustainable agriculture |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/13/9/1666 |
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