Using the design of experiments methodology to evaluate the heat treatment of additively manufactured maraging steel
The effect of the processing parameters on the final microstructure and mechanical properties was investigated for additively manufactured maraging tool steel 1.2709. First, an effective range of appropriate combinations of heat treatment parameters was found using the design of experiments (DOE) me...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Elsevier
2023-09-01
|
| Series: | Journal of Materials Research and Technology |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2238785423022433 |
| _version_ | 1797646656677609472 |
|---|---|
| author | Ludmila Kučerová Karolína Burdová Věra Marková Jan Zálabský Miroslava Ťavodová |
| author_facet | Ludmila Kučerová Karolína Burdová Věra Marková Jan Zálabský Miroslava Ťavodová |
| author_sort | Ludmila Kučerová |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The effect of the processing parameters on the final microstructure and mechanical properties was investigated for additively manufactured maraging tool steel 1.2709. First, an effective range of appropriate combinations of heat treatment parameters was found using the design of experiments (DOE) method. This suggested 17 variations of heat treatment regimes. The effect of input parameters (initial condition, hardening temperature, hold at hardening temperature) on the output values (mechanical properties) was then statistically evaluated. Three initial conditions of the additively manufactured (AM) steel were used: as-built, annealed at 820 °C for 1 h and annealed at 940 °C for 2 h. A subsequent heat treatment in the region of 250 °C–750 °C was considered with holds of 0–6 h at the temperatures. Based on the measured mechanical properties, regression analysis was performed and optimal models for the prediction of individual mechanical properties were produced. The coefficient of determination of the models for yield and ultimate strengths and hardness reached above 95% when hardening temperature was considered a significant factor. It was around 98% in the case of tensile strength and hardness when the additional effect of the initial condition was also included in the models. This means a very reliable prediction of those mechanical properties can be expected. On the other hand, the model for total elongation can explain only 41% of the measured values, as not a single statistically significant factor was identified. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T15:04:49Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-7a8f815babb64ea0bbfc075090689026 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2238-7854 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T15:04:49Z |
| publishDate | 2023-09-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Materials Research and Technology |
| spelling | doaj.art-7a8f815babb64ea0bbfc0750906890262023-10-30T06:04:39ZengElsevierJournal of Materials Research and Technology2238-78542023-09-012686888703Using the design of experiments methodology to evaluate the heat treatment of additively manufactured maraging steelLudmila Kučerová0Karolína Burdová1Věra Marková2Jan Zálabský3Miroslava Ťavodová4Regional Technological Institute, University of West Bohemia, Univerzitni 8, 30614, Plzen, Czech Republic; Corresponding author.Regional Technological Institute, University of West Bohemia, Univerzitni 8, 30614, Plzen, Czech RepublicRegional Technological Institute, University of West Bohemia, Univerzitni 8, 30614, Plzen, Czech RepublicRegional Technological Institute, University of West Bohemia, Univerzitni 8, 30614, Plzen, Czech RepublicFaculty of Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, Ul. T. G. Masaryka 24, 960 01 Zvolen, SlovakiaThe effect of the processing parameters on the final microstructure and mechanical properties was investigated for additively manufactured maraging tool steel 1.2709. First, an effective range of appropriate combinations of heat treatment parameters was found using the design of experiments (DOE) method. This suggested 17 variations of heat treatment regimes. The effect of input parameters (initial condition, hardening temperature, hold at hardening temperature) on the output values (mechanical properties) was then statistically evaluated. Three initial conditions of the additively manufactured (AM) steel were used: as-built, annealed at 820 °C for 1 h and annealed at 940 °C for 2 h. A subsequent heat treatment in the region of 250 °C–750 °C was considered with holds of 0–6 h at the temperatures. Based on the measured mechanical properties, regression analysis was performed and optimal models for the prediction of individual mechanical properties were produced. The coefficient of determination of the models for yield and ultimate strengths and hardness reached above 95% when hardening temperature was considered a significant factor. It was around 98% in the case of tensile strength and hardness when the additional effect of the initial condition was also included in the models. This means a very reliable prediction of those mechanical properties can be expected. On the other hand, the model for total elongation can explain only 41% of the measured values, as not a single statistically significant factor was identified.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2238785423022433Maraging steelAdditive manufacturingPowder bed fusionPrecipitation hardeningHeat treatmentDesign of experiment |
| spellingShingle | Ludmila Kučerová Karolína Burdová Věra Marková Jan Zálabský Miroslava Ťavodová Using the design of experiments methodology to evaluate the heat treatment of additively manufactured maraging steel Journal of Materials Research and Technology Maraging steel Additive manufacturing Powder bed fusion Precipitation hardening Heat treatment Design of experiment |
| title | Using the design of experiments methodology to evaluate the heat treatment of additively manufactured maraging steel |
| title_full | Using the design of experiments methodology to evaluate the heat treatment of additively manufactured maraging steel |
| title_fullStr | Using the design of experiments methodology to evaluate the heat treatment of additively manufactured maraging steel |
| title_full_unstemmed | Using the design of experiments methodology to evaluate the heat treatment of additively manufactured maraging steel |
| title_short | Using the design of experiments methodology to evaluate the heat treatment of additively manufactured maraging steel |
| title_sort | using the design of experiments methodology to evaluate the heat treatment of additively manufactured maraging steel |
| topic | Maraging steel Additive manufacturing Powder bed fusion Precipitation hardening Heat treatment Design of experiment |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2238785423022433 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ludmilakucerova usingthedesignofexperimentsmethodologytoevaluatetheheattreatmentofadditivelymanufacturedmaragingsteel AT karolinaburdova usingthedesignofexperimentsmethodologytoevaluatetheheattreatmentofadditivelymanufacturedmaragingsteel AT veramarkova usingthedesignofexperimentsmethodologytoevaluatetheheattreatmentofadditivelymanufacturedmaragingsteel AT janzalabsky usingthedesignofexperimentsmethodologytoevaluatetheheattreatmentofadditivelymanufacturedmaragingsteel AT miroslavatavodova usingthedesignofexperimentsmethodologytoevaluatetheheattreatmentofadditivelymanufacturedmaragingsteel |