Carnosine, Small but Mighty—Prospect of Use as Functional Ingredient for Functional Food Formulation
Carnosine is a dipeptide synthesized in the body from β-alanine and L-histidine. It is found in high concentrations in the brain, muscle, and gastrointestinal tissues of humans and is present in all vertebrates. Carnosine has a number of beneficial antioxidant properties. For example, carnosine scav...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-06-01
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| Series: | Antioxidants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/10/7/1037 |
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| author | Ivana Jukić Nikolina Kolobarić Ana Stupin Anita Matić Nataša Kozina Zrinka Mihaljević Martina Mihalj Petar Šušnjara Marko Stupin Željka Breškić Ćurić Kristina Selthofer-Relatić Aleksandar Kibel Anamarija Lukinac Luka Kolar Gordana Kralik Zlata Kralik Aleksandar Széchenyi Marija Jozanović Olivera Galović Martina Medvidović-Kosanović Ines Drenjančević |
| author_facet | Ivana Jukić Nikolina Kolobarić Ana Stupin Anita Matić Nataša Kozina Zrinka Mihaljević Martina Mihalj Petar Šušnjara Marko Stupin Željka Breškić Ćurić Kristina Selthofer-Relatić Aleksandar Kibel Anamarija Lukinac Luka Kolar Gordana Kralik Zlata Kralik Aleksandar Széchenyi Marija Jozanović Olivera Galović Martina Medvidović-Kosanović Ines Drenjančević |
| author_sort | Ivana Jukić |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Carnosine is a dipeptide synthesized in the body from β-alanine and L-histidine. It is found in high concentrations in the brain, muscle, and gastrointestinal tissues of humans and is present in all vertebrates. Carnosine has a number of beneficial antioxidant properties. For example, carnosine scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as alpha-beta unsaturated aldehydes created by peroxidation of fatty acid cell membranes during oxidative stress. Carnosine can oppose glycation, and it can chelate divalent metal ions. Carnosine alleviates diabetic nephropathy by protecting podocyte and mesangial cells, and can slow down aging. Its component, the amino acid beta-alanine, is particularly interesting as a dietary supplement for athletes because it increases muscle carnosine, and improves effectiveness of exercise and stimulation and contraction in muscles. Carnosine is widely used among athletes in the form of supplements, but rarely in the population of cardiovascular or diabetic patients. Much less is known, if any, about its potential use in enriched food. In the present review, we aimed to provide recent knowledge on carnosine properties and distribution, its metabolism (synthesis and degradation), and analytical methods for carnosine determination, since one of the difficulties is the measurement of carnosine concentration in human samples. Furthermore, the potential mechanisms of carnosine’s biological effects in musculature, metabolism and on immunomodulation are discussed. Finally, this review provides a section on carnosine supplementation in the form of functional food and potential health benefits and up to the present, neglected clinical use of carnosine. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:59:45Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-7a9cd76f5d5c4782904c573b2c6430f3 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3921 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:59:45Z |
| publishDate | 2021-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Antioxidants |
| spelling | doaj.art-7a9cd76f5d5c4782904c573b2c6430f32023-11-22T02:04:31ZengMDPI AGAntioxidants2076-39212021-06-01107103710.3390/antiox10071037Carnosine, Small but Mighty—Prospect of Use as Functional Ingredient for Functional Food FormulationIvana Jukić0Nikolina Kolobarić1Ana Stupin2Anita Matić3Nataša Kozina4Zrinka Mihaljević5Martina Mihalj6Petar Šušnjara7Marko Stupin8Željka Breškić Ćurić9Kristina Selthofer-Relatić10Aleksandar Kibel11Anamarija Lukinac12Luka Kolar13Gordana Kralik14Zlata Kralik15Aleksandar Széchenyi16Marija Jozanović17Olivera Galović18Martina Medvidović-Kosanović19Ines Drenjančević20Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, CroatiaDepartment of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, CroatiaDepartment of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, CroatiaDepartment of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, CroatiaDepartment of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, CroatiaDepartment of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, CroatiaDepartment of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, CroatiaDepartment of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, CroatiaDepartment of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, CroatiaScientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, CroatiaScientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, CroatiaDepartment of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, CroatiaScientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, CroatiaScientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, CroatiaScientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, CroatiaScientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, CroatiaScientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, CroatiaScientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, CroatiaScientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, CroatiaScientific Center of Excellence for Personalized Health Care, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, CroatiaDepartment of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, CroatiaCarnosine is a dipeptide synthesized in the body from β-alanine and L-histidine. It is found in high concentrations in the brain, muscle, and gastrointestinal tissues of humans and is present in all vertebrates. Carnosine has a number of beneficial antioxidant properties. For example, carnosine scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as alpha-beta unsaturated aldehydes created by peroxidation of fatty acid cell membranes during oxidative stress. Carnosine can oppose glycation, and it can chelate divalent metal ions. Carnosine alleviates diabetic nephropathy by protecting podocyte and mesangial cells, and can slow down aging. Its component, the amino acid beta-alanine, is particularly interesting as a dietary supplement for athletes because it increases muscle carnosine, and improves effectiveness of exercise and stimulation and contraction in muscles. Carnosine is widely used among athletes in the form of supplements, but rarely in the population of cardiovascular or diabetic patients. Much less is known, if any, about its potential use in enriched food. In the present review, we aimed to provide recent knowledge on carnosine properties and distribution, its metabolism (synthesis and degradation), and analytical methods for carnosine determination, since one of the difficulties is the measurement of carnosine concentration in human samples. Furthermore, the potential mechanisms of carnosine’s biological effects in musculature, metabolism and on immunomodulation are discussed. Finally, this review provides a section on carnosine supplementation in the form of functional food and potential health benefits and up to the present, neglected clinical use of carnosine.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/10/7/1037oxidative stressantioxidantsfunctional foodcarnosine |
| spellingShingle | Ivana Jukić Nikolina Kolobarić Ana Stupin Anita Matić Nataša Kozina Zrinka Mihaljević Martina Mihalj Petar Šušnjara Marko Stupin Željka Breškić Ćurić Kristina Selthofer-Relatić Aleksandar Kibel Anamarija Lukinac Luka Kolar Gordana Kralik Zlata Kralik Aleksandar Széchenyi Marija Jozanović Olivera Galović Martina Medvidović-Kosanović Ines Drenjančević Carnosine, Small but Mighty—Prospect of Use as Functional Ingredient for Functional Food Formulation Antioxidants oxidative stress antioxidants functional food carnosine |
| title | Carnosine, Small but Mighty—Prospect of Use as Functional Ingredient for Functional Food Formulation |
| title_full | Carnosine, Small but Mighty—Prospect of Use as Functional Ingredient for Functional Food Formulation |
| title_fullStr | Carnosine, Small but Mighty—Prospect of Use as Functional Ingredient for Functional Food Formulation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Carnosine, Small but Mighty—Prospect of Use as Functional Ingredient for Functional Food Formulation |
| title_short | Carnosine, Small but Mighty—Prospect of Use as Functional Ingredient for Functional Food Formulation |
| title_sort | carnosine small but mighty prospect of use as functional ingredient for functional food formulation |
| topic | oxidative stress antioxidants functional food carnosine |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/10/7/1037 |
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