Eighteen-year record of circum-Antarctic landfast-sea-ice distribution allows detailed baseline characterisation and reveals trends and variability
<p>Landfast sea ice (fast ice) is an important though poorly understood component of the cryosphere on the Antarctic continental shelf, where it plays a key role in atmosphere–ocean–ice-sheet interaction and coupled ecological and biogeochemical processes. Here, we present a first in-depth bas...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Copernicus Publications
2021-11-01
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| Series: | The Cryosphere |
| Online Access: | https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/15/5061/2021/tc-15-5061-2021.pdf |
| _version_ | 1831689979396358144 |
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| author | A. D. Fraser R. A. Massom R. A. Massom M. S. Handcock P. Reid P. Reid K. I. Ohshima M. N. Raphael J. Cartwright A. R. Klekociuk A. R. Klekociuk Z. Wang R. Porter-Smith |
| author_facet | A. D. Fraser R. A. Massom R. A. Massom M. S. Handcock P. Reid P. Reid K. I. Ohshima M. N. Raphael J. Cartwright A. R. Klekociuk A. R. Klekociuk Z. Wang R. Porter-Smith |
| author_sort | A. D. Fraser |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <p>Landfast sea ice (fast ice) is an important though poorly understood component of the cryosphere on the Antarctic continental shelf, where it plays a key role in atmosphere–ocean–ice-sheet interaction and coupled ecological and biogeochemical processes. Here, we present a first in-depth baseline analysis of variability and change in circum-Antarctic fast-ice distribution (including its relationship to bathymetry), based on a new high-resolution satellite-derived time series for the period 2000 to 2018. This reveals (a) an overall trend of <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">882</mn><mo>±</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">824</mn></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="58pt" height="10pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="453c88ebba731e287b80a2e1ca09d1f2"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="tc-15-5061-2021-ie00001.svg" width="58pt" height="10pt" src="tc-15-5061-2021-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> km<span class="inline-formula"><sup>2</sup></span> yr<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> (<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M4" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0.19</mn><mo>±</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0.18</mn></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="64pt" height="10pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="ae39578bd83f0d4df3b4603b31a77636"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="tc-15-5061-2021-ie00002.svg" width="64pt" height="10pt" src="tc-15-5061-2021-ie00002.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> % yr<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span>) and (b) eight distinct regions in terms of fast-ice coverage and modes of formation. Of these, four exhibit positive trends over the 18-year period and four negative. Positive trends are seen in East Antarctica and in the Bellingshausen Sea, with this region claiming the largest positive trend of <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M6" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mo>+</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1198</mn><mo>±</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">359</mn></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="64pt" height="10pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="82580160fd0734bcdcbcf8c7aa9c79ee"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="tc-15-5061-2021-ie00003.svg" width="64pt" height="10pt" src="tc-15-5061-2021-ie00003.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> km<span class="inline-formula"><sup>2</sup></span> yr<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> (<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M9" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mo>+</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1.10</mn><mo>±</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0.35</mn></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="64pt" height="10pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="b0635188d1aab802b0a92816c8f515e7"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="tc-15-5061-2021-ie00004.svg" width="64pt" height="10pt" src="tc-15-5061-2021-ie00004.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> % yr<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span>). The four negative trends predominantly occur in West Antarctica, with the largest negative trend of <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M11" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1206</mn><mo>±</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">277</mn></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="64pt" height="10pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="da2c2b434b71c0185874a7ded8fc6352"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="tc-15-5061-2021-ie00005.svg" width="64pt" height="10pt" src="tc-15-5061-2021-ie00005.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> km<span class="inline-formula"><sup>2</sup></span> yr<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> (<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M14" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1.78</mn><mo>±</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0.41</mn></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="64pt" height="10pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="a811b84b1fd9eff69f98809409a08608"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="tc-15-5061-2021-ie00006.svg" width="64pt" height="10pt" src="tc-15-5061-2021-ie00006.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> % yr<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span>) occurring in the Victoria and Oates Land region in the western Ross Sea. All trends are significant. This new baseline analysis represents a significant advance in our knowledge of the current state of both the global cryosphere and the complex Antarctic coastal system, which are vulnerable to climate variability and change. It will also inform a wide range of other studies.</p> |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-20T11:00:27Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-7aa407daf1784738a54b1a15e7b29e9f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1994-0416 1994-0424 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-20T11:00:27Z |
| publishDate | 2021-11-01 |
| publisher | Copernicus Publications |
| record_format | Article |
| series | The Cryosphere |
| spelling | doaj.art-7aa407daf1784738a54b1a15e7b29e9f2022-12-21T19:43:01ZengCopernicus PublicationsThe Cryosphere1994-04161994-04242021-11-01155061507710.5194/tc-15-5061-2021Eighteen-year record of circum-Antarctic landfast-sea-ice distribution allows detailed baseline characterisation and reveals trends and variabilityA. D. Fraser0R. A. Massom1R. A. Massom2M. S. Handcock3P. Reid4P. Reid5K. I. Ohshima6M. N. Raphael7J. Cartwright8A. R. Klekociuk9A. R. Klekociuk10Z. Wang11R. Porter-Smith12Australian Antarctic Program Partnership, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, AustraliaAustralian Antarctic Program Partnership, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, AustraliaAustralian Antarctic Division, Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, AustraliaDepartment of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USAAustralian Antarctic Program Partnership, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, AustraliaBureau of Meteorology, 111 Macquarie St, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, AustraliaInstitute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, JapanDepartment of Statistics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USASpire Global, Inc., Glasgow, G3 8JU, UKAustralian Antarctic Program Partnership, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, AustraliaAustralian Antarctic Division, Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, AustraliaInstitute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, AustraliaAustralian Antarctic Program Partnership, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia<p>Landfast sea ice (fast ice) is an important though poorly understood component of the cryosphere on the Antarctic continental shelf, where it plays a key role in atmosphere–ocean–ice-sheet interaction and coupled ecological and biogeochemical processes. Here, we present a first in-depth baseline analysis of variability and change in circum-Antarctic fast-ice distribution (including its relationship to bathymetry), based on a new high-resolution satellite-derived time series for the period 2000 to 2018. This reveals (a) an overall trend of <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">882</mn><mo>±</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">824</mn></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="58pt" height="10pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="453c88ebba731e287b80a2e1ca09d1f2"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="tc-15-5061-2021-ie00001.svg" width="58pt" height="10pt" src="tc-15-5061-2021-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> km<span class="inline-formula"><sup>2</sup></span> yr<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> (<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M4" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0.19</mn><mo>±</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0.18</mn></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="64pt" height="10pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="ae39578bd83f0d4df3b4603b31a77636"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="tc-15-5061-2021-ie00002.svg" width="64pt" height="10pt" src="tc-15-5061-2021-ie00002.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> % yr<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span>) and (b) eight distinct regions in terms of fast-ice coverage and modes of formation. Of these, four exhibit positive trends over the 18-year period and four negative. Positive trends are seen in East Antarctica and in the Bellingshausen Sea, with this region claiming the largest positive trend of <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M6" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mo>+</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1198</mn><mo>±</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">359</mn></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="64pt" height="10pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="82580160fd0734bcdcbcf8c7aa9c79ee"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="tc-15-5061-2021-ie00003.svg" width="64pt" height="10pt" src="tc-15-5061-2021-ie00003.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> km<span class="inline-formula"><sup>2</sup></span> yr<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> (<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M9" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mo>+</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1.10</mn><mo>±</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0.35</mn></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="64pt" height="10pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="b0635188d1aab802b0a92816c8f515e7"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="tc-15-5061-2021-ie00004.svg" width="64pt" height="10pt" src="tc-15-5061-2021-ie00004.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> % yr<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span>). The four negative trends predominantly occur in West Antarctica, with the largest negative trend of <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M11" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1206</mn><mo>±</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">277</mn></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="64pt" height="10pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="da2c2b434b71c0185874a7ded8fc6352"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="tc-15-5061-2021-ie00005.svg" width="64pt" height="10pt" src="tc-15-5061-2021-ie00005.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> km<span class="inline-formula"><sup>2</sup></span> yr<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> (<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M14" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1.78</mn><mo>±</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">0.41</mn></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="64pt" height="10pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="a811b84b1fd9eff69f98809409a08608"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="tc-15-5061-2021-ie00006.svg" width="64pt" height="10pt" src="tc-15-5061-2021-ie00006.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> % yr<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span>) occurring in the Victoria and Oates Land region in the western Ross Sea. All trends are significant. This new baseline analysis represents a significant advance in our knowledge of the current state of both the global cryosphere and the complex Antarctic coastal system, which are vulnerable to climate variability and change. It will also inform a wide range of other studies.</p>https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/15/5061/2021/tc-15-5061-2021.pdf |
| spellingShingle | A. D. Fraser R. A. Massom R. A. Massom M. S. Handcock P. Reid P. Reid K. I. Ohshima M. N. Raphael J. Cartwright A. R. Klekociuk A. R. Klekociuk Z. Wang R. Porter-Smith Eighteen-year record of circum-Antarctic landfast-sea-ice distribution allows detailed baseline characterisation and reveals trends and variability The Cryosphere |
| title | Eighteen-year record of circum-Antarctic landfast-sea-ice distribution allows detailed baseline characterisation and reveals trends and variability |
| title_full | Eighteen-year record of circum-Antarctic landfast-sea-ice distribution allows detailed baseline characterisation and reveals trends and variability |
| title_fullStr | Eighteen-year record of circum-Antarctic landfast-sea-ice distribution allows detailed baseline characterisation and reveals trends and variability |
| title_full_unstemmed | Eighteen-year record of circum-Antarctic landfast-sea-ice distribution allows detailed baseline characterisation and reveals trends and variability |
| title_short | Eighteen-year record of circum-Antarctic landfast-sea-ice distribution allows detailed baseline characterisation and reveals trends and variability |
| title_sort | eighteen year record of circum antarctic landfast sea ice distribution allows detailed baseline characterisation and reveals trends and variability |
| url | https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/15/5061/2021/tc-15-5061-2021.pdf |
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