A Pilot Study on the Prediction of Non-Contact Muscle Injuries Based on <i>ACTN3</i> R577X and <i>ACE</i> I/D Polymorphisms in Professional Soccer Athletes
Muscle injuries are among the main reasons for medical leavings of soccer athletes, being a major concern within professional teams and their prevention associated with sport success. Several factors are associated with a greater predisposition to injury, and genetic background is increasingly being...
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MDPI AG
2022-11-01
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| Series: | Genes |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/13/11/2009 |
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| author | Kathleen Y. de Almeida Tiago Cetolin Andrea Rita Marrero Aderbal Silva Aguiar Junior Pedro Mohr Naoki Kikuchi |
| author_facet | Kathleen Y. de Almeida Tiago Cetolin Andrea Rita Marrero Aderbal Silva Aguiar Junior Pedro Mohr Naoki Kikuchi |
| author_sort | Kathleen Y. de Almeida |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Muscle injuries are among the main reasons for medical leavings of soccer athletes, being a major concern within professional teams and their prevention associated with sport success. Several factors are associated with a greater predisposition to injury, and genetic background is increasingly being investigated. The aim of this study was to analyze whether <i>ACTN3</i> R577X and <i>ACE</i> I/D polymorphisms are predictors of the incidence and severity of muscle injury in professional soccer athletes from Brazil, individually and in association. Eighty-three professional athletes from the first and second divisions of the Brazilian Championship were evaluated regarding the polymorphisms through blood samples. Nighty-nine muscle injuries were identified during the seasons of 2018, 2019 and 2020 and categorized according to severity. <i>ACTN3</i> XX individuals had a higher frequency of severe injuries compared to the RX and RR genotypes (<i>p</i> = 0.001), and in the dominant model (compared to RX+RR), with <i>p</i> < 0.001. The trend <i>p</i>-value test showed an increased number of injuries/season following the order XX > RX > RR (<i>p</i> = 0.045). Those with the <i>ACE</i> II genotype had almost 2 fold the number of injuries per season compared to those with the ID+DD genotypes (<i>p</i> = 0.03). Logistic regression showed that the polymorphisms are predictors of the development of severe injury (<i>ACTN3</i> R577X model with <i>p</i> = 0.004, R<sup>2</sup>: 0.259; <i>ACE</i> I/D model with <i>p</i> = 0.045, R<sup>2</sup>: 0.163), where <i>ACTN3</i> XX individuals were more likely to suffer from severe injury (OR: 5.141, 95% CI: 1.472–17.961, <i>p</i> = 0.010). The combination of the <i>ACTN3</i> 577X allele and the <i>ACE</i> II genotype showed an increased number of injuries per season, enhanced by 100% (1.682 injuries/season versus 0.868 injuries/season, <i>p</i> = 0.016). Our findings suggest that both polymorphisms <i>ACTN3</i> R577X and <i>ACE</i> I/D (and their interaction) are associated with the susceptibility and severity of non-contact muscle injury in soccer players. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T19:03:35Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4425 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T19:03:35Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-7ab4f4ce533345ab805ee552f0ff11892023-11-24T04:48:21ZengMDPI AGGenes2073-44252022-11-011311200910.3390/genes13112009A Pilot Study on the Prediction of Non-Contact Muscle Injuries Based on <i>ACTN3</i> R577X and <i>ACE</i> I/D Polymorphisms in Professional Soccer AthletesKathleen Y. de Almeida0Tiago Cetolin1Andrea Rita Marrero2Aderbal Silva Aguiar Junior3Pedro Mohr4Naoki Kikuchi5Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo 158-8508, JapanGraduate Program in Neurosciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Araranguá 88905-120, BrazilGraduate Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, BrazilGraduate Program in Neurosciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Araranguá 88905-120, BrazilSports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, BrazilGraduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo 158-8508, JapanMuscle injuries are among the main reasons for medical leavings of soccer athletes, being a major concern within professional teams and their prevention associated with sport success. Several factors are associated with a greater predisposition to injury, and genetic background is increasingly being investigated. The aim of this study was to analyze whether <i>ACTN3</i> R577X and <i>ACE</i> I/D polymorphisms are predictors of the incidence and severity of muscle injury in professional soccer athletes from Brazil, individually and in association. Eighty-three professional athletes from the first and second divisions of the Brazilian Championship were evaluated regarding the polymorphisms through blood samples. Nighty-nine muscle injuries were identified during the seasons of 2018, 2019 and 2020 and categorized according to severity. <i>ACTN3</i> XX individuals had a higher frequency of severe injuries compared to the RX and RR genotypes (<i>p</i> = 0.001), and in the dominant model (compared to RX+RR), with <i>p</i> < 0.001. The trend <i>p</i>-value test showed an increased number of injuries/season following the order XX > RX > RR (<i>p</i> = 0.045). Those with the <i>ACE</i> II genotype had almost 2 fold the number of injuries per season compared to those with the ID+DD genotypes (<i>p</i> = 0.03). Logistic regression showed that the polymorphisms are predictors of the development of severe injury (<i>ACTN3</i> R577X model with <i>p</i> = 0.004, R<sup>2</sup>: 0.259; <i>ACE</i> I/D model with <i>p</i> = 0.045, R<sup>2</sup>: 0.163), where <i>ACTN3</i> XX individuals were more likely to suffer from severe injury (OR: 5.141, 95% CI: 1.472–17.961, <i>p</i> = 0.010). The combination of the <i>ACTN3</i> 577X allele and the <i>ACE</i> II genotype showed an increased number of injuries per season, enhanced by 100% (1.682 injuries/season versus 0.868 injuries/season, <i>p</i> = 0.016). Our findings suggest that both polymorphisms <i>ACTN3</i> R577X and <i>ACE</i> I/D (and their interaction) are associated with the susceptibility and severity of non-contact muscle injury in soccer players.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/13/11/2009polymorphism<i>ACTN3</i><i>ACE</i>soccermuscle injury |
| spellingShingle | Kathleen Y. de Almeida Tiago Cetolin Andrea Rita Marrero Aderbal Silva Aguiar Junior Pedro Mohr Naoki Kikuchi A Pilot Study on the Prediction of Non-Contact Muscle Injuries Based on <i>ACTN3</i> R577X and <i>ACE</i> I/D Polymorphisms in Professional Soccer Athletes Genes polymorphism <i>ACTN3</i> <i>ACE</i> soccer muscle injury |
| title | A Pilot Study on the Prediction of Non-Contact Muscle Injuries Based on <i>ACTN3</i> R577X and <i>ACE</i> I/D Polymorphisms in Professional Soccer Athletes |
| title_full | A Pilot Study on the Prediction of Non-Contact Muscle Injuries Based on <i>ACTN3</i> R577X and <i>ACE</i> I/D Polymorphisms in Professional Soccer Athletes |
| title_fullStr | A Pilot Study on the Prediction of Non-Contact Muscle Injuries Based on <i>ACTN3</i> R577X and <i>ACE</i> I/D Polymorphisms in Professional Soccer Athletes |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Pilot Study on the Prediction of Non-Contact Muscle Injuries Based on <i>ACTN3</i> R577X and <i>ACE</i> I/D Polymorphisms in Professional Soccer Athletes |
| title_short | A Pilot Study on the Prediction of Non-Contact Muscle Injuries Based on <i>ACTN3</i> R577X and <i>ACE</i> I/D Polymorphisms in Professional Soccer Athletes |
| title_sort | pilot study on the prediction of non contact muscle injuries based on i actn3 i r577x and i ace i i d polymorphisms in professional soccer athletes |
| topic | polymorphism <i>ACTN3</i> <i>ACE</i> soccer muscle injury |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/13/11/2009 |
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