GNSS Transpolar Earth Reflectometry exploriNg System (G-TERN): Mission Concept
The global navigation satellite system (GNSS) Transpolar Earth Reflectometry exploriNg system (G-TERN) was proposed in response to ESA’s Earth Explorer 9 revised call by a team of 33 multi-disciplinary scientists. The primary objective of the mission is to quantify at high spatio-temporal...
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IEEE
2018-01-01
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| Series: | IEEE Access |
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| Online Access: | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8310650/ |
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| author | Estel Cardellach Jens Wickert Rens Baggen Javier Benito Adriano Camps Nuno Catarino Bertrand Chapron Andreas Dielacher Fran Fabra Greg Flato Heinrich Fragner Carolina Gabarro Christine Gommenginger Christian Haas Sean Healy Manuel Hernandez-Pajares Per Hoeg Adrian Jaggi Juha Kainulainen Shfaqat Abbas Khan Norbert M. K. Lemke Weiqiang Li Son V. Nghiem Nazzareno Pierdicca Marcos Portabella Kimmo Rautiainen Antonio Rius Ingo Sasgen Maximilian Semmling C. K. Shum Francois Soulat Andrea K. Steiner Sebastien Tailhades Maik Thomas Roger Vilaseca Cinzia Zuffada |
| author_facet | Estel Cardellach Jens Wickert Rens Baggen Javier Benito Adriano Camps Nuno Catarino Bertrand Chapron Andreas Dielacher Fran Fabra Greg Flato Heinrich Fragner Carolina Gabarro Christine Gommenginger Christian Haas Sean Healy Manuel Hernandez-Pajares Per Hoeg Adrian Jaggi Juha Kainulainen Shfaqat Abbas Khan Norbert M. K. Lemke Weiqiang Li Son V. Nghiem Nazzareno Pierdicca Marcos Portabella Kimmo Rautiainen Antonio Rius Ingo Sasgen Maximilian Semmling C. K. Shum Francois Soulat Andrea K. Steiner Sebastien Tailhades Maik Thomas Roger Vilaseca Cinzia Zuffada |
| author_sort | Estel Cardellach |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The global navigation satellite system (GNSS) Transpolar Earth Reflectometry exploriNg system (G-TERN) was proposed in response to ESA’s Earth Explorer 9 revised call by a team of 33 multi-disciplinary scientists. The primary objective of the mission is to quantify at high spatio-temporal resolution crucial characteristics, processes and interactions between sea ice, and other Earth system components in order to advance the understanding and prediction of climate change and its impacts on the environment and society. The objective is articulated through three key questions. 1) In a rapidly changing Arctic regime and under the resilient Antarctic sea ice trend, how will highly dynamic forcings and couplings between the various components of the ocean, atmosphere, and cryosphere modify or influence the processes governing the characteristics of the sea ice cover (ice production, growth, deformation, and melt)? 2) What are the impacts of extreme events and feedback mechanisms on sea ice evolution? 3) What are the effects of the cryosphere behaviors, either rapidly changing or resiliently stable, on the global oceanic and atmospheric circulation and mid-latitude extreme events? To contribute answering these questions, G-TERN will measure key parameters of the sea ice, the oceans, and the atmosphere with frequent and dense coverage over polar areas, becoming a “dynamic mapper” of the ice conditions, the ice production, and the loss in multiple time and space scales, and surrounding environment. Over polar areas, the G-TERN will measure sea ice surface elevation (<10 cm precision), roughness, and polarimetry aspects at 30-km resolution and 3-days full coverage. G-TERN will implement the interferometric GNSS reflectometry concept, from a single satellite in near-polar orbit with capability for 12 simultaneous observations. Unlike currently orbiting GNSS reflectometry missions, the G-TERN uses the full GNSS available bandwidth to improve its ranging measurements. The lifetime would be 2025–2030 or optimally 2025–2035, covering key stages of the transition toward a nearly ice-free Arctic Ocean in summer. This paper describes the mission objectives, it reviews its measurement techniques, summarizes the suggested implementation, and finally, it estimates the expected performance. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T11:19:30Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-7ab9295e9cb342dc8b143c1042227d44 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2169-3536 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T11:19:30Z |
| publishDate | 2018-01-01 |
| publisher | IEEE |
| record_format | Article |
| series | IEEE Access |
| spelling | doaj.art-7ab9295e9cb342dc8b143c1042227d442022-12-22T04:27:06ZengIEEEIEEE Access2169-35362018-01-016139801401810.1109/ACCESS.2018.28140728310650GNSS Transpolar Earth Reflectometry exploriNg System (G-TERN): Mission ConceptEstel Cardellach0https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8908-0972Jens Wickert1Rens Baggen2Javier Benito3Adriano Camps4Nuno Catarino5Bertrand Chapron6Andreas Dielacher7Fran Fabra8Greg Flato9Heinrich Fragner10Carolina Gabarro11Christine Gommenginger12Christian Haas13Sean Healy14Manuel Hernandez-Pajares15Per Hoeg16Adrian Jaggi17Juha Kainulainen18Shfaqat Abbas Khan19Norbert M. K. Lemke20Weiqiang Li21Son V. Nghiem22Nazzareno Pierdicca23Marcos Portabella24Kimmo Rautiainen25Antonio Rius26Ingo Sasgen27Maximilian Semmling28C. K. Shum29Francois Soulat30Andrea K. Steiner31Sebastien Tailhades32Maik Thomas33Roger Vilaseca34Cinzia Zuffada35Institute of Space Sciences (CSIC), Cerdanyola del Vallès, SpainGFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, GermanyIMST GmbH, Kamp-Lintfort, GermanyAirbus DS Space Systems España, Madrid, SpainUPC/IEEC, Barcelona, SpainDEIMOS Engenharia, Lisbon, PortugalIFREMER, Plouzané, FranceRUAG Space GmbH, Wien, AustriaInstitute of Space Sciences (CSIC), Cerdanyola del Vallès, SpainEnvironment and Climate Change Canada, Victoria, CanadaRUAG Space GmbH, Wien, AustriaInstitut de Ciències del Mar and Barcelona Expert Center on Remote Sensing, Barcelona, SpainNational Oceanography Centre, Southampton, U.K.Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, GermanyECMWF, Reading, U.K.UPC/IEEC, Barcelona, SpainDepartment of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayAstronomical Institute, University of Bern, Bern, SwitzerlandHarp Technologies Oy, Espoo, FinlandNational Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, DenmarkOHB System AG, Weling/Oberpfaffenhofen, GermanyInstitute of Space Sciences (CSIC), Cerdanyola del Vallès, SpainJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of California, Pasadena, CA, USADepartment of Information, Electronics and Communications Engineering, Universita La Sapienza, Rome, ItalyInstitut de Ciències del Mar and Barcelona Expert Center on Remote Sensing, Barcelona, SpainFinnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, FinlandInstitute of Space Sciences (CSIC), Cerdanyola del Vallès, SpainAlfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, GermanyGFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, GermanyThe Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USACollecte Localisation Satellites SA, Ramonville Saint-Agne, FranceWegener Center for Climate and Global Change, University of Graz, Graz, AustriaOHB System AG, Weling/Oberpfaffenhofen, GermanyGFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, GermanyTRYO Group, La Garriga, SpainJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of California, Pasadena, CA, USAThe global navigation satellite system (GNSS) Transpolar Earth Reflectometry exploriNg system (G-TERN) was proposed in response to ESA’s Earth Explorer 9 revised call by a team of 33 multi-disciplinary scientists. The primary objective of the mission is to quantify at high spatio-temporal resolution crucial characteristics, processes and interactions between sea ice, and other Earth system components in order to advance the understanding and prediction of climate change and its impacts on the environment and society. The objective is articulated through three key questions. 1) In a rapidly changing Arctic regime and under the resilient Antarctic sea ice trend, how will highly dynamic forcings and couplings between the various components of the ocean, atmosphere, and cryosphere modify or influence the processes governing the characteristics of the sea ice cover (ice production, growth, deformation, and melt)? 2) What are the impacts of extreme events and feedback mechanisms on sea ice evolution? 3) What are the effects of the cryosphere behaviors, either rapidly changing or resiliently stable, on the global oceanic and atmospheric circulation and mid-latitude extreme events? To contribute answering these questions, G-TERN will measure key parameters of the sea ice, the oceans, and the atmosphere with frequent and dense coverage over polar areas, becoming a “dynamic mapper” of the ice conditions, the ice production, and the loss in multiple time and space scales, and surrounding environment. Over polar areas, the G-TERN will measure sea ice surface elevation (<10 cm precision), roughness, and polarimetry aspects at 30-km resolution and 3-days full coverage. G-TERN will implement the interferometric GNSS reflectometry concept, from a single satellite in near-polar orbit with capability for 12 simultaneous observations. Unlike currently orbiting GNSS reflectometry missions, the G-TERN uses the full GNSS available bandwidth to improve its ranging measurements. The lifetime would be 2025–2030 or optimally 2025–2035, covering key stages of the transition toward a nearly ice-free Arctic Ocean in summer. This paper describes the mission objectives, it reviews its measurement techniques, summarizes the suggested implementation, and finally, it estimates the expected performance.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8310650/Polar scienceGNSSreflectometryGNSS-Rsea icealtimetry |
| spellingShingle | Estel Cardellach Jens Wickert Rens Baggen Javier Benito Adriano Camps Nuno Catarino Bertrand Chapron Andreas Dielacher Fran Fabra Greg Flato Heinrich Fragner Carolina Gabarro Christine Gommenginger Christian Haas Sean Healy Manuel Hernandez-Pajares Per Hoeg Adrian Jaggi Juha Kainulainen Shfaqat Abbas Khan Norbert M. K. Lemke Weiqiang Li Son V. Nghiem Nazzareno Pierdicca Marcos Portabella Kimmo Rautiainen Antonio Rius Ingo Sasgen Maximilian Semmling C. K. Shum Francois Soulat Andrea K. Steiner Sebastien Tailhades Maik Thomas Roger Vilaseca Cinzia Zuffada GNSS Transpolar Earth Reflectometry exploriNg System (G-TERN): Mission Concept IEEE Access Polar science GNSS reflectometry GNSS-R sea ice altimetry |
| title | GNSS Transpolar Earth Reflectometry exploriNg System (G-TERN): Mission Concept |
| title_full | GNSS Transpolar Earth Reflectometry exploriNg System (G-TERN): Mission Concept |
| title_fullStr | GNSS Transpolar Earth Reflectometry exploriNg System (G-TERN): Mission Concept |
| title_full_unstemmed | GNSS Transpolar Earth Reflectometry exploriNg System (G-TERN): Mission Concept |
| title_short | GNSS Transpolar Earth Reflectometry exploriNg System (G-TERN): Mission Concept |
| title_sort | gnss transpolar earth reflectometry exploring system g tern mission concept |
| topic | Polar science GNSS reflectometry GNSS-R sea ice altimetry |
| url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8310650/ |
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