Statistical Mechanics where Newton’s Third Law is Broken
There is a variety of situations in which Newton’s third law is violated. Generally, the action-reaction symmetry can be broken for mesoscopic particles, when their effective interactions are mediated by a nonequilibrium environment. Here, we investigate different classes of nonreciprocal interactio...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
American Physical Society
2015-03-01
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| Series: | Physical Review X |
| Online Access: | http://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.5.011035 |
| _version_ | 1798035512773050368 |
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| author | A. V. Ivlev J. Bartnick M. Heinen C.-R. Du V. Nosenko H. Löwen |
| author_facet | A. V. Ivlev J. Bartnick M. Heinen C.-R. Du V. Nosenko H. Löwen |
| author_sort | A. V. Ivlev |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | There is a variety of situations in which Newton’s third law is violated. Generally, the action-reaction symmetry can be broken for mesoscopic particles, when their effective interactions are mediated by a nonequilibrium environment. Here, we investigate different classes of nonreciprocal interactions relevant to real experimental situations and present their basic statistical mechanics analysis. We show that in mixtures of particles with such interactions, distinct species acquire distinct kinetic temperatures. In certain cases, the nonreciprocal systems are exactly characterized by a pseudo-Hamiltonian; i.e., being intrinsically nonequilibrium, they can nevertheless be described in terms of equilibrium statistical mechanics. Our results have profound implications, in particular, demonstrating the possibility to generate extreme temperature gradients on the particle scale. We verify the principal theoretical predictions in experimental tests performed with two-dimensional binary complex plasmas. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T20:59:13Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-7ac1d38f99694c92bd28ec99dc00e971 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2160-3308 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T20:59:13Z |
| publishDate | 2015-03-01 |
| publisher | American Physical Society |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Physical Review X |
| spelling | doaj.art-7ac1d38f99694c92bd28ec99dc00e9712022-12-22T04:03:34ZengAmerican Physical SocietyPhysical Review X2160-33082015-03-015101103510.1103/PhysRevX.5.011035Statistical Mechanics where Newton’s Third Law is BrokenA. V. IvlevJ. BartnickM. HeinenC.-R. DuV. NosenkoH. LöwenThere is a variety of situations in which Newton’s third law is violated. Generally, the action-reaction symmetry can be broken for mesoscopic particles, when their effective interactions are mediated by a nonequilibrium environment. Here, we investigate different classes of nonreciprocal interactions relevant to real experimental situations and present their basic statistical mechanics analysis. We show that in mixtures of particles with such interactions, distinct species acquire distinct kinetic temperatures. In certain cases, the nonreciprocal systems are exactly characterized by a pseudo-Hamiltonian; i.e., being intrinsically nonequilibrium, they can nevertheless be described in terms of equilibrium statistical mechanics. Our results have profound implications, in particular, demonstrating the possibility to generate extreme temperature gradients on the particle scale. We verify the principal theoretical predictions in experimental tests performed with two-dimensional binary complex plasmas.http://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.5.011035 |
| spellingShingle | A. V. Ivlev J. Bartnick M. Heinen C.-R. Du V. Nosenko H. Löwen Statistical Mechanics where Newton’s Third Law is Broken Physical Review X |
| title | Statistical Mechanics where Newton’s Third Law is Broken |
| title_full | Statistical Mechanics where Newton’s Third Law is Broken |
| title_fullStr | Statistical Mechanics where Newton’s Third Law is Broken |
| title_full_unstemmed | Statistical Mechanics where Newton’s Third Law is Broken |
| title_short | Statistical Mechanics where Newton’s Third Law is Broken |
| title_sort | statistical mechanics where newton s third law is broken |
| url | http://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.5.011035 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT avivlev statisticalmechanicswherenewtonsthirdlawisbroken AT jbartnick statisticalmechanicswherenewtonsthirdlawisbroken AT mheinen statisticalmechanicswherenewtonsthirdlawisbroken AT crdu statisticalmechanicswherenewtonsthirdlawisbroken AT vnosenko statisticalmechanicswherenewtonsthirdlawisbroken AT hlowen statisticalmechanicswherenewtonsthirdlawisbroken |