The Nocardia Rubra Cell Wall Skeleton Regulates Macrophages and Promotes Wound Healing
The Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton (Nr-CWS) is an immunomodulator used clinically for its ability to modulate the body’s immune function. Macrophages are an important hub of the immune response during wound healing. In this study, we hypothesized that a Nr-CWS could modulate macrophage physiologi...
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MDPI AG
2022-11-01
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| Series: | Current Issues in Molecular Biology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1467-3045/44/12/408 |
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| author | Kai Hu Yan Xu Xiaoxiao Li Pan Du Yichi Lu Guozhong Lyu |
| author_facet | Kai Hu Yan Xu Xiaoxiao Li Pan Du Yichi Lu Guozhong Lyu |
| author_sort | Kai Hu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton (Nr-CWS) is an immunomodulator used clinically for its ability to modulate the body’s immune function. Macrophages are an important hub of the immune response during wound healing. In this study, we hypothesized that a Nr-CWS could modulate macrophage physiological activities, polarize macrophages toward M2, and promote wound healing. Through in vivo experiments, we made two full-thickness excisional wounds on the backs of mice; one was treated with a Nr-CWS, and the other was treated with saline. We photographed and recorded the wound change every other day. We observed the histopathological examination and collagen deposition using H&E and Masson staining, then analyzed the macrophage surface markers using immunofluorescence. Through in vitro experiments, we studied the effect of the Nr-CWS on RAW264.7 cells through CCK8, transwell, flow cytometry, western blot, immunofluorescence, and ELISA. We found that the Nr-CWS can enhance the proliferation, migration, and phagocytosis of macrophages. In addition, it can promote the recruitment of macrophages on the wound surface, polarize macrophages to M2, and increase the expression of pro-healing cytokines. Ultimately, the Nr-CWS accelerated wound healing. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:11:31Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-7ace008b75b14cf587870ebd42eead38 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1467-3037 1467-3045 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:11:31Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
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| series | Current Issues in Molecular Biology |
| spelling | doaj.art-7ace008b75b14cf587870ebd42eead382023-11-24T14:03:33ZengMDPI AGCurrent Issues in Molecular Biology1467-30371467-30452022-11-0144125995600510.3390/cimb44120408The Nocardia Rubra Cell Wall Skeleton Regulates Macrophages and Promotes Wound HealingKai Hu0Yan Xu1Xiaoxiao Li2Pan Du3Yichi Lu4Guozhong Lyu5Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, ChinaAffiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214041, ChinaNanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, ChinaJiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, ChinaJiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, ChinaNanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, ChinaThe Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton (Nr-CWS) is an immunomodulator used clinically for its ability to modulate the body’s immune function. Macrophages are an important hub of the immune response during wound healing. In this study, we hypothesized that a Nr-CWS could modulate macrophage physiological activities, polarize macrophages toward M2, and promote wound healing. Through in vivo experiments, we made two full-thickness excisional wounds on the backs of mice; one was treated with a Nr-CWS, and the other was treated with saline. We photographed and recorded the wound change every other day. We observed the histopathological examination and collagen deposition using H&E and Masson staining, then analyzed the macrophage surface markers using immunofluorescence. Through in vitro experiments, we studied the effect of the Nr-CWS on RAW264.7 cells through CCK8, transwell, flow cytometry, western blot, immunofluorescence, and ELISA. We found that the Nr-CWS can enhance the proliferation, migration, and phagocytosis of macrophages. In addition, it can promote the recruitment of macrophages on the wound surface, polarize macrophages to M2, and increase the expression of pro-healing cytokines. Ultimately, the Nr-CWS accelerated wound healing.https://www.mdpi.com/1467-3045/44/12/408macrophagepolarizationNr-CWSinflammationwound |
| spellingShingle | Kai Hu Yan Xu Xiaoxiao Li Pan Du Yichi Lu Guozhong Lyu The Nocardia Rubra Cell Wall Skeleton Regulates Macrophages and Promotes Wound Healing Current Issues in Molecular Biology macrophage polarization Nr-CWS inflammation wound |
| title | The Nocardia Rubra Cell Wall Skeleton Regulates Macrophages and Promotes Wound Healing |
| title_full | The Nocardia Rubra Cell Wall Skeleton Regulates Macrophages and Promotes Wound Healing |
| title_fullStr | The Nocardia Rubra Cell Wall Skeleton Regulates Macrophages and Promotes Wound Healing |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Nocardia Rubra Cell Wall Skeleton Regulates Macrophages and Promotes Wound Healing |
| title_short | The Nocardia Rubra Cell Wall Skeleton Regulates Macrophages and Promotes Wound Healing |
| title_sort | nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton regulates macrophages and promotes wound healing |
| topic | macrophage polarization Nr-CWS inflammation wound |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1467-3045/44/12/408 |
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