Flavonol profiles of mature leaves allow discriminating Toona sinensis Roem from different north-south geographical origins across China with varied antioxidant activities

Toona sinensis (A. Juss.) Roem, a multipurpose economic tree, is widely cultivated across Asia, but its high-yielding mature leaves are largely overlooked. This study systematically analysed the flavonols in the mature leaves of T. sinensis from 44 different geographic locations across China, using...

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Main Authors: Shang Su, Lijin Wang, Yonghang Geng, Junhui Wang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2024-03-01
Series:Heliyon
Subjects:
Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024030718
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author Shang Su
Lijin Wang
Yonghang Geng
Junhui Wang
author_facet Shang Su
Lijin Wang
Yonghang Geng
Junhui Wang
author_sort Shang Su
collection DOAJ
description Toona sinensis (A. Juss.) Roem, a multipurpose economic tree, is widely cultivated across Asia, but its high-yielding mature leaves are largely overlooked. This study systematically analysed the flavonols in the mature leaves of T. sinensis from 44 different geographic locations across China, using HPLC-DAD and HPLC-ESI-MS2 techniques. In total, 18 flavonols were detected, among which 6 (f1, f3, f7, f14, f15, and f17) were firstly identified in this plant. Significant variations in quality among different T. sinensis varieties were observed (p < 0.01). Through OPLS-DA analysis, all samples could be clearly categorised into two distinct geographical groups. The northern varieties (N1–N20) exhibited concise flavonol fingerprints with higher total flavonol content (TFC) (727.55 ± 22.79 mg/100 g fresh weight, FW), predominantly non-acylated flavonols (705.95 ± 21.65 mg/100 g FW), particularly quercetin glycosides (614.60 ± 22.76 mg/100 g FW). In contrast, the southern varieties (S1–S24) presented more intricate flavonol profiles with lower TFC (622.81 ± 21.82 mg/100 g FW) and balanced amounts of quercetin (344.75 ± 16.41 mg/100 g FW) and kaempferol glycosides (278.06 ± 12.29 mg/100 g FW). Notably, the southern samples possessed higher content of acylated flavonols (184.50 ± 12.87 mg/100 g FW), especially galloylated ones, which contributed to their heightened antioxidant activities. Quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside (f11′) and kaempferol 3-O-galloyglucoside (f11) were determined to be the crucial biomarkers for quality discrimination. Considering quality control of mature T. sinensis leaves as potential resources for natural flavonol extraction, this study suggested that their northern/southern geographic origins should be distinguished first. Additionally, the flavonol profiles allow for discriminating the origin and assessing the quality of T. sinensis.
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spelling doaj.art-7ae0af1320f3447d9e1dbd5a6402bce92024-03-17T07:57:09ZengElsevierHeliyon2405-84402024-03-01105e27040Flavonol profiles of mature leaves allow discriminating Toona sinensis Roem from different north-south geographical origins across China with varied antioxidant activitiesShang Su0Lijin Wang1Yonghang Geng2Junhui Wang3State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, ChinaLaboratory of Molecular Sensory Science, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China; Corresponding author.State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China; Corresponding author.Toona sinensis (A. Juss.) Roem, a multipurpose economic tree, is widely cultivated across Asia, but its high-yielding mature leaves are largely overlooked. This study systematically analysed the flavonols in the mature leaves of T. sinensis from 44 different geographic locations across China, using HPLC-DAD and HPLC-ESI-MS2 techniques. In total, 18 flavonols were detected, among which 6 (f1, f3, f7, f14, f15, and f17) were firstly identified in this plant. Significant variations in quality among different T. sinensis varieties were observed (p < 0.01). Through OPLS-DA analysis, all samples could be clearly categorised into two distinct geographical groups. The northern varieties (N1–N20) exhibited concise flavonol fingerprints with higher total flavonol content (TFC) (727.55 ± 22.79 mg/100 g fresh weight, FW), predominantly non-acylated flavonols (705.95 ± 21.65 mg/100 g FW), particularly quercetin glycosides (614.60 ± 22.76 mg/100 g FW). In contrast, the southern varieties (S1–S24) presented more intricate flavonol profiles with lower TFC (622.81 ± 21.82 mg/100 g FW) and balanced amounts of quercetin (344.75 ± 16.41 mg/100 g FW) and kaempferol glycosides (278.06 ± 12.29 mg/100 g FW). Notably, the southern samples possessed higher content of acylated flavonols (184.50 ± 12.87 mg/100 g FW), especially galloylated ones, which contributed to their heightened antioxidant activities. Quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside (f11′) and kaempferol 3-O-galloyglucoside (f11) were determined to be the crucial biomarkers for quality discrimination. Considering quality control of mature T. sinensis leaves as potential resources for natural flavonol extraction, this study suggested that their northern/southern geographic origins should be distinguished first. Additionally, the flavonol profiles allow for discriminating the origin and assessing the quality of T. sinensis.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024030718Toona sinensisHPLCAcylated flavonolGeographic originQuality control
spellingShingle Shang Su
Lijin Wang
Yonghang Geng
Junhui Wang
Flavonol profiles of mature leaves allow discriminating Toona sinensis Roem from different north-south geographical origins across China with varied antioxidant activities
Heliyon
Toona sinensis
HPLC
Acylated flavonol
Geographic origin
Quality control
title Flavonol profiles of mature leaves allow discriminating Toona sinensis Roem from different north-south geographical origins across China with varied antioxidant activities
title_full Flavonol profiles of mature leaves allow discriminating Toona sinensis Roem from different north-south geographical origins across China with varied antioxidant activities
title_fullStr Flavonol profiles of mature leaves allow discriminating Toona sinensis Roem from different north-south geographical origins across China with varied antioxidant activities
title_full_unstemmed Flavonol profiles of mature leaves allow discriminating Toona sinensis Roem from different north-south geographical origins across China with varied antioxidant activities
title_short Flavonol profiles of mature leaves allow discriminating Toona sinensis Roem from different north-south geographical origins across China with varied antioxidant activities
title_sort flavonol profiles of mature leaves allow discriminating toona sinensis roem from different north south geographical origins across china with varied antioxidant activities
topic Toona sinensis
HPLC
Acylated flavonol
Geographic origin
Quality control
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024030718
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