Shipborne measurements of methane and carbon dioxide in the Middle East and Mediterranean areas and the contribution from oil and gas emissions
<p>The increase of atmospheric methane (CH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>4</sub></span>) and carbon dioxide (CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span>), two of the main anthropogenic greenhouse gases, is largely dr...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Copernicus Publications
2021-08-01
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| Series: | Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
| Online Access: | https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/21/12443/2021/acp-21-12443-2021.pdf |
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| author | J.-D. Paris J.-D. Paris A. Riandet A. Riandet E. Bourtsoukidis E. Bourtsoukidis M. Delmotte A. Berchet J. Williams J. Williams L. Ernle I. Tadic H. Harder J. Lelieveld J. Lelieveld |
| author_facet | J.-D. Paris J.-D. Paris A. Riandet A. Riandet E. Bourtsoukidis E. Bourtsoukidis M. Delmotte A. Berchet J. Williams J. Williams L. Ernle I. Tadic H. Harder J. Lelieveld J. Lelieveld |
| author_sort | J.-D. Paris |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <p>The increase of atmospheric methane (CH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>4</sub></span>) and carbon
dioxide (CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span>), two of the main anthropogenic greenhouse gases, is largely
driven by fossil sources. Sources and sinks remain insufficiently
characterized in the Mediterranean and Middle East areas, where very few in
situ measurements are available. We measured the atmospheric mixing ratios
of CH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>4</sub></span> and CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> by ship in the region in July and August 2017. High mixing ratios were observed over the Suez Canal, Red Sea and Arabian Gulf, while generally lower mixing ratios were observed over the Gulf of Aden and Gulf of
Oman. We probe the origin of the CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> and CH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>4</sub></span> excess mixing ratio by
using correlations with light alkanes and through the use of a Lagrangian
model coupled to two different emission inventories of anthropogenic
sources. We find that the CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> and especially the CH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>4</sub></span> enhancements
are mainly linked to nearby oil and gas (OG) activities over the Arabian Gulf and a mixture of other sources over the Red Sea. The isomeric ratio of
pentane is shown to be a useful indicator of the OG component of
atmospheric CH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>4</sub></span> at the regional level. Upstream emissions linked to
oil in the northern Arabian Gulf seem to be underestimated, while gas-related
emissions in the southern Gulf are overestimated in our simulations. Our
results highlight the need for improvement of inventories in the area to
better characterize the changes in magnitude and the complex distribution of the OG sources in the Middle East.</p> |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-14T16:23:31Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-7ae9010c109c4679a9922ba0399b925c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1680-7316 1680-7324 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-14T16:23:31Z |
| publishDate | 2021-08-01 |
| publisher | Copernicus Publications |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
| spelling | doaj.art-7ae9010c109c4679a9922ba0399b925c2022-12-21T22:54:44ZengCopernicus PublicationsAtmospheric Chemistry and Physics1680-73161680-73242021-08-0121124431246210.5194/acp-21-12443-2021Shipborne measurements of methane and carbon dioxide in the Middle East and Mediterranean areas and the contribution from oil and gas emissionsJ.-D. Paris0J.-D. Paris1A. Riandet2A. Riandet3E. Bourtsoukidis4E. Bourtsoukidis5M. Delmotte6A. Berchet7J. Williams8J. Williams9L. Ernle10I. Tadic11H. Harder12J. Lelieveld13J. Lelieveld14Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, UMR8212, IPSL, Gif-sur-Yvette, FranceClimate and Atmosphere Research Centre (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, 2121, CyprusLaboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, UMR8212, IPSL, Gif-sur-Yvette, Francenow at: Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Avignon Université, IRD, IMBE, Aix-en-Provence, FranceClimate and Atmosphere Research Centre (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, 2121, CyprusDepartment of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, GermanyLaboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, UMR8212, IPSL, Gif-sur-Yvette, FranceLaboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, UMR8212, IPSL, Gif-sur-Yvette, FranceClimate and Atmosphere Research Centre (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, 2121, CyprusDepartment of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, GermanyDepartment of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, GermanyDepartment of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, GermanyDepartment of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, GermanyClimate and Atmosphere Research Centre (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, 2121, CyprusDepartment of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany<p>The increase of atmospheric methane (CH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>4</sub></span>) and carbon dioxide (CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span>), two of the main anthropogenic greenhouse gases, is largely driven by fossil sources. Sources and sinks remain insufficiently characterized in the Mediterranean and Middle East areas, where very few in situ measurements are available. We measured the atmospheric mixing ratios of CH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>4</sub></span> and CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> by ship in the region in July and August 2017. High mixing ratios were observed over the Suez Canal, Red Sea and Arabian Gulf, while generally lower mixing ratios were observed over the Gulf of Aden and Gulf of Oman. We probe the origin of the CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> and CH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>4</sub></span> excess mixing ratio by using correlations with light alkanes and through the use of a Lagrangian model coupled to two different emission inventories of anthropogenic sources. We find that the CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> and especially the CH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>4</sub></span> enhancements are mainly linked to nearby oil and gas (OG) activities over the Arabian Gulf and a mixture of other sources over the Red Sea. The isomeric ratio of pentane is shown to be a useful indicator of the OG component of atmospheric CH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>4</sub></span> at the regional level. Upstream emissions linked to oil in the northern Arabian Gulf seem to be underestimated, while gas-related emissions in the southern Gulf are overestimated in our simulations. Our results highlight the need for improvement of inventories in the area to better characterize the changes in magnitude and the complex distribution of the OG sources in the Middle East.</p>https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/21/12443/2021/acp-21-12443-2021.pdf |
| spellingShingle | J.-D. Paris J.-D. Paris A. Riandet A. Riandet E. Bourtsoukidis E. Bourtsoukidis M. Delmotte A. Berchet J. Williams J. Williams L. Ernle I. Tadic H. Harder J. Lelieveld J. Lelieveld Shipborne measurements of methane and carbon dioxide in the Middle East and Mediterranean areas and the contribution from oil and gas emissions Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |
| title | Shipborne measurements of methane and carbon dioxide in the Middle East and Mediterranean areas and the contribution from oil and gas emissions |
| title_full | Shipborne measurements of methane and carbon dioxide in the Middle East and Mediterranean areas and the contribution from oil and gas emissions |
| title_fullStr | Shipborne measurements of methane and carbon dioxide in the Middle East and Mediterranean areas and the contribution from oil and gas emissions |
| title_full_unstemmed | Shipborne measurements of methane and carbon dioxide in the Middle East and Mediterranean areas and the contribution from oil and gas emissions |
| title_short | Shipborne measurements of methane and carbon dioxide in the Middle East and Mediterranean areas and the contribution from oil and gas emissions |
| title_sort | shipborne measurements of methane and carbon dioxide in the middle east and mediterranean areas and the contribution from oil and gas emissions |
| url | https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/21/12443/2021/acp-21-12443-2021.pdf |
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