Psittaciformes mineral feed analysis method choice and optimization employing chemometric tools
Background: In this work, a multivariated approach based on factorial design and principal component analysis was used to perform the optimization of sample decomposition. The method was applied for the first time to quantify several chemical elements (Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Pb, Se an...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2022-09-01
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| Series: | Journal of Trace Elements and Minerals |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773050622000015 |
| _version_ | 1797987266867494912 |
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| author | Carlos José Malaquias da Silva Filipi Chalita Guimarães Guilherme Iezo Fadini Pereira Murilo Oliveira de Souza Jefferson R. de Souza Cibele Maria Stivanin de Almeida |
| author_facet | Carlos José Malaquias da Silva Filipi Chalita Guimarães Guilherme Iezo Fadini Pereira Murilo Oliveira de Souza Jefferson R. de Souza Cibele Maria Stivanin de Almeida |
| author_sort | Carlos José Malaquias da Silva |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: In this work, a multivariated approach based on factorial design and principal component analysis was used to perform the optimization of sample decomposition. The method was applied for the first time to quantify several chemical elements (Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Pb, Se and Zn) in Psittaciformes feed. The choice of the best sample decomposition method is a challenging task considering all variables involved in the process. Generally, this choice is made by using individual monovariated experiments and sometimes interaction effects between these variables as mass of the sample, acid composition, temperature, etc, are not considered. Methods: Sample decomposition: 200 mg of sample was mixed with 3.5 mL of HNO3 65% and left at room temperature for 24 h, in a pre-decomposition step, heated at 150 °C for 50 minutes employing a digestion block and mixed with 1.5 mL of H2O2 in the last ten minutes of decomposition. Chemical analysis: A total of 44 samples of Psittaciformes feed digests, among extruded feed, flour and snacks), purchased at pet stores or similar stores in six states in Brazil, were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). Method accuracy was assessed using certified reference materials SRM 1567a, SRM 1573a, SRM 1577b and IMEP 19. Results: The limits of detection (LoD) and quantification (LoQ) ranged from 0.02 mg kg−1 to 0.07 mg kg−1 (Se) and from 1.79 mg kg−1 to 5.41 mg.kg−1 (Ca), respectively. The concentration of chemical elements in animal food ranged from <0.27 mgkg −1 (Fe) to 41.4 ± 2.9 g kg−1 (P), in flour concentrations ranged from <0.05 mg kg−1 (Mg) to 23.8 ± 4.1 g kg−1 (P) and concentrations ranged from <0.05 mg kg−1 (Mn) to 6.8 ± 0.9 g kg−1 (Ca) in snacks. Conclusion: The approach based on multivariate analysis to perform a sample decomposition was successfully applied for Psittaciformes feed. In general, the chemical elements listed on the product labels (Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Pb, Se and Zn) were detected at variable contents when compared to the recommender nutritional values. Toxic elements, Cd and Pb were not detected in any of the analyzed samples. The detection and quantification of chemical elements not listed in nutritional tables and in each product label indicates that mineral addition by manufacturers is performed without considering the chemical composition of the raw materials used in the production process, which can lead to nutritional issues. Thus, a broad revision of Brazilian Legislation concerning product classification considering quality and mineral addition criteria in daily animal feed, especially pets, is urgently required. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T07:46:15Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-7b13b03a60ed42cb9b64a4c1e5606747 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2773-0506 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T07:46:15Z |
| publishDate | 2022-09-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Trace Elements and Minerals |
| spelling | doaj.art-7b13b03a60ed42cb9b64a4c1e56067472022-12-22T04:36:18ZengElsevierJournal of Trace Elements and Minerals2773-05062022-09-011100002Psittaciformes mineral feed analysis method choice and optimization employing chemometric toolsCarlos José Malaquias da Silva0Filipi Chalita Guimarães1Guilherme Iezo Fadini Pereira2Murilo Oliveira de Souza3Jefferson R. de Souza4Cibele Maria Stivanin de Almeida5Laboratório de Ciências Químicas - Centro de Ciência e Tecnologia Universidade, Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego 2000, Parque, Califórnia 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, BrazilLaboratório de Ciências Químicas - Centro de Ciência e Tecnologia Universidade, Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego 2000, Parque, Califórnia 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, BrazilLaboratório de Zootecnia - Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, BrazilLaboratório de Análises Quimicas e Agroambientais (LAQUA) - Instituto Federal, Fluminense, Campus Itaperuna, 28300-000 Itaperuna RJ, BrasilLaboratório de Ciências Químicas - Centro de Ciência e Tecnologia Universidade, Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego 2000, Parque, Califórnia 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, BrazilLaboratório de Ciências Químicas - Centro de Ciência e Tecnologia Universidade, Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Avenida Alberto Lamego 2000, Parque, Califórnia 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil; Corresponding author.Background: In this work, a multivariated approach based on factorial design and principal component analysis was used to perform the optimization of sample decomposition. The method was applied for the first time to quantify several chemical elements (Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Pb, Se and Zn) in Psittaciformes feed. The choice of the best sample decomposition method is a challenging task considering all variables involved in the process. Generally, this choice is made by using individual monovariated experiments and sometimes interaction effects between these variables as mass of the sample, acid composition, temperature, etc, are not considered. Methods: Sample decomposition: 200 mg of sample was mixed with 3.5 mL of HNO3 65% and left at room temperature for 24 h, in a pre-decomposition step, heated at 150 °C for 50 minutes employing a digestion block and mixed with 1.5 mL of H2O2 in the last ten minutes of decomposition. Chemical analysis: A total of 44 samples of Psittaciformes feed digests, among extruded feed, flour and snacks), purchased at pet stores or similar stores in six states in Brazil, were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). Method accuracy was assessed using certified reference materials SRM 1567a, SRM 1573a, SRM 1577b and IMEP 19. Results: The limits of detection (LoD) and quantification (LoQ) ranged from 0.02 mg kg−1 to 0.07 mg kg−1 (Se) and from 1.79 mg kg−1 to 5.41 mg.kg−1 (Ca), respectively. The concentration of chemical elements in animal food ranged from <0.27 mgkg −1 (Fe) to 41.4 ± 2.9 g kg−1 (P), in flour concentrations ranged from <0.05 mg kg−1 (Mg) to 23.8 ± 4.1 g kg−1 (P) and concentrations ranged from <0.05 mg kg−1 (Mn) to 6.8 ± 0.9 g kg−1 (Ca) in snacks. Conclusion: The approach based on multivariate analysis to perform a sample decomposition was successfully applied for Psittaciformes feed. In general, the chemical elements listed on the product labels (Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Pb, Se and Zn) were detected at variable contents when compared to the recommender nutritional values. Toxic elements, Cd and Pb were not detected in any of the analyzed samples. The detection and quantification of chemical elements not listed in nutritional tables and in each product label indicates that mineral addition by manufacturers is performed without considering the chemical composition of the raw materials used in the production process, which can lead to nutritional issues. Thus, a broad revision of Brazilian Legislation concerning product classification considering quality and mineral addition criteria in daily animal feed, especially pets, is urgently required.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773050622000015Experimental designInorganic constituentsBirdsPet foodsICP OES |
| spellingShingle | Carlos José Malaquias da Silva Filipi Chalita Guimarães Guilherme Iezo Fadini Pereira Murilo Oliveira de Souza Jefferson R. de Souza Cibele Maria Stivanin de Almeida Psittaciformes mineral feed analysis method choice and optimization employing chemometric tools Journal of Trace Elements and Minerals Experimental design Inorganic constituents Birds Pet foods ICP OES |
| title | Psittaciformes mineral feed analysis method choice and optimization employing chemometric tools |
| title_full | Psittaciformes mineral feed analysis method choice and optimization employing chemometric tools |
| title_fullStr | Psittaciformes mineral feed analysis method choice and optimization employing chemometric tools |
| title_full_unstemmed | Psittaciformes mineral feed analysis method choice and optimization employing chemometric tools |
| title_short | Psittaciformes mineral feed analysis method choice and optimization employing chemometric tools |
| title_sort | psittaciformes mineral feed analysis method choice and optimization employing chemometric tools |
| topic | Experimental design Inorganic constituents Birds Pet foods ICP OES |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773050622000015 |
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