Energy Metabolism in the Inner Retina in Health and Glaucoma
Glaucoma, the leading cause of irreversible blindness, is a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons and leads to visual loss and blindness. Risk factors for the onset and progression of glaucoma include systemic and ocular fa...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-04-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/7/3689 |
| _version_ | 1797539113933471744 |
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| author | Hanhan Liu Verena Prokosch |
| author_facet | Hanhan Liu Verena Prokosch |
| author_sort | Hanhan Liu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Glaucoma, the leading cause of irreversible blindness, is a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons and leads to visual loss and blindness. Risk factors for the onset and progression of glaucoma include systemic and ocular factors such as older age, lower ocular perfusion pressure, and intraocular pressure (IOP). Early signs of RGC damage comprise impairment of axonal transport, downregulation of specific genes and metabolic changes. The brain is often cited to be the highest energy-demanding tissue of the human body. The retina is estimated to have equally high demands. RGCs are particularly active in metabolism and vulnerable to energy insufficiency. Understanding the energy metabolism of the inner retina, especially of the RGCs, is pivotal for understanding glaucoma’s pathophysiology. Here we review the key contributors to the high energy demands in the retina and the distinguishing features of energy metabolism of the inner retina. The major features of glaucoma include progressive cell death of retinal ganglions and optic nerve damage. Therefore, this review focuses on the energetic budget of the retinal ganglion cells, optic nerve and the relevant cells that surround them. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:40:42Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-7b682aab1d2144d2930fb12e4ffdf182 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:40:42Z |
| publishDate | 2021-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-7b682aab1d2144d2930fb12e4ffdf1822023-11-21T13:53:37ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672021-04-01227368910.3390/ijms22073689Energy Metabolism in the Inner Retina in Health and GlaucomaHanhan Liu0Verena Prokosch1Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, GermanyDepartment of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, GermanyGlaucoma, the leading cause of irreversible blindness, is a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons and leads to visual loss and blindness. Risk factors for the onset and progression of glaucoma include systemic and ocular factors such as older age, lower ocular perfusion pressure, and intraocular pressure (IOP). Early signs of RGC damage comprise impairment of axonal transport, downregulation of specific genes and metabolic changes. The brain is often cited to be the highest energy-demanding tissue of the human body. The retina is estimated to have equally high demands. RGCs are particularly active in metabolism and vulnerable to energy insufficiency. Understanding the energy metabolism of the inner retina, especially of the RGCs, is pivotal for understanding glaucoma’s pathophysiology. Here we review the key contributors to the high energy demands in the retina and the distinguishing features of energy metabolism of the inner retina. The major features of glaucoma include progressive cell death of retinal ganglions and optic nerve damage. Therefore, this review focuses on the energetic budget of the retinal ganglion cells, optic nerve and the relevant cells that surround them.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/7/3689energy metabolismglaucomamitochondrial functionretinal ganglion cellretinal blood flow |
| spellingShingle | Hanhan Liu Verena Prokosch Energy Metabolism in the Inner Retina in Health and Glaucoma International Journal of Molecular Sciences energy metabolism glaucoma mitochondrial function retinal ganglion cell retinal blood flow |
| title | Energy Metabolism in the Inner Retina in Health and Glaucoma |
| title_full | Energy Metabolism in the Inner Retina in Health and Glaucoma |
| title_fullStr | Energy Metabolism in the Inner Retina in Health and Glaucoma |
| title_full_unstemmed | Energy Metabolism in the Inner Retina in Health and Glaucoma |
| title_short | Energy Metabolism in the Inner Retina in Health and Glaucoma |
| title_sort | energy metabolism in the inner retina in health and glaucoma |
| topic | energy metabolism glaucoma mitochondrial function retinal ganglion cell retinal blood flow |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/7/3689 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT hanhanliu energymetabolismintheinnerretinainhealthandglaucoma AT verenaprokosch energymetabolismintheinnerretinainhealthandglaucoma |