Ductal Architecture: Corrosion Casting of Canine Mammary Glands Using an Intraductal Approach
Detailed knowledge related to the morphology, anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the canine mammary gland is scarce. Mammary tissue undergoes massive changes instructed by hormones multiple times within the lifespan of every bitch, affecting its appearance. To address the ductal system’s appearan...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-09-01
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| Series: | Animals |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/13/18/2932 |
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| author | Sabina Sibcic Kolasinac David Griffiths Lars Moe Henning Sørum Vibeke Rootwelt |
| author_facet | Sabina Sibcic Kolasinac David Griffiths Lars Moe Henning Sørum Vibeke Rootwelt |
| author_sort | Sabina Sibcic Kolasinac |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Detailed knowledge related to the morphology, anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the canine mammary gland is scarce. Mammary tissue undergoes massive changes instructed by hormones multiple times within the lifespan of every bitch, affecting its appearance. To address the ductal system’s appearance and to present how different our findings regarding the canine mammary gland are in comparison with the available literature, we obtained cadaveric specimens after euthanasia and mastectomy. All bitches were euthanised due to poor prognosis for their recovery from maladies unrelated to mammae. Using intraductal cannulation ex vivo, milk- or fluid-yielding ducts were perfused using VasQtec (polyurethane resin), which revealed casts, i.e., imprints of ducts and glandular structures in situ. We observed primary, vertically positioned ducts that ascended throughout the teat and continued branching to secondary, tertiary, etc., horizontally positioned ducts, which drained mammary gland lobes under the skin located close to the abdominal wall. The ascendant teat canal could be split into two and could be connected to gland alveoli or end blind. Alveolar formations were located along ducts and ductules in bigger and/or smaller clusters. This study is the first to generate a 3D image of canine ducts and glandular tissue using an intraductal approach. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T23:06:32Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-7b69fd3b0fbd42fc979876678437d4e0 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2615 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T23:06:32Z |
| publishDate | 2023-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Animals |
| spelling | doaj.art-7b69fd3b0fbd42fc979876678437d4e02023-11-19T09:15:36ZengMDPI AGAnimals2076-26152023-09-011318293210.3390/ani13182932Ductal Architecture: Corrosion Casting of Canine Mammary Glands Using an Intraductal ApproachSabina Sibcic Kolasinac0David Griffiths1Lars Moe2Henning Sørum3Vibeke Rootwelt4Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Elizabeth Stephansens vei 15, 1433 Aas, NorwayDepartment of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Elizabeth Stephansens vei 15, 1433 Aas, NorwayDepartment of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Elizabeth Stephansens vei 15, 1433 Aas, NorwayDepartment of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Elizabeth Stephansens vei 15, 1433 Aas, NorwayDepartment of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Elizabeth Stephansens vei 15, 1433 Aas, NorwayDetailed knowledge related to the morphology, anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the canine mammary gland is scarce. Mammary tissue undergoes massive changes instructed by hormones multiple times within the lifespan of every bitch, affecting its appearance. To address the ductal system’s appearance and to present how different our findings regarding the canine mammary gland are in comparison with the available literature, we obtained cadaveric specimens after euthanasia and mastectomy. All bitches were euthanised due to poor prognosis for their recovery from maladies unrelated to mammae. Using intraductal cannulation ex vivo, milk- or fluid-yielding ducts were perfused using VasQtec (polyurethane resin), which revealed casts, i.e., imprints of ducts and glandular structures in situ. We observed primary, vertically positioned ducts that ascended throughout the teat and continued branching to secondary, tertiary, etc., horizontally positioned ducts, which drained mammary gland lobes under the skin located close to the abdominal wall. The ascendant teat canal could be split into two and could be connected to gland alveoli or end blind. Alveolar formations were located along ducts and ductules in bigger and/or smaller clusters. This study is the first to generate a 3D image of canine ducts and glandular tissue using an intraductal approach.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/13/18/2932descriptive canine anatomy3D milk ductsresin perfusionmammary gland replica |
| spellingShingle | Sabina Sibcic Kolasinac David Griffiths Lars Moe Henning Sørum Vibeke Rootwelt Ductal Architecture: Corrosion Casting of Canine Mammary Glands Using an Intraductal Approach Animals descriptive canine anatomy 3D milk ducts resin perfusion mammary gland replica |
| title | Ductal Architecture: Corrosion Casting of Canine Mammary Glands Using an Intraductal Approach |
| title_full | Ductal Architecture: Corrosion Casting of Canine Mammary Glands Using an Intraductal Approach |
| title_fullStr | Ductal Architecture: Corrosion Casting of Canine Mammary Glands Using an Intraductal Approach |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ductal Architecture: Corrosion Casting of Canine Mammary Glands Using an Intraductal Approach |
| title_short | Ductal Architecture: Corrosion Casting of Canine Mammary Glands Using an Intraductal Approach |
| title_sort | ductal architecture corrosion casting of canine mammary glands using an intraductal approach |
| topic | descriptive canine anatomy 3D milk ducts resin perfusion mammary gland replica |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/13/18/2932 |
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