Neurological Symptoms of COVID-19: The Zonulin Hypothesis
The irruption of SARS-CoV-2 during 2020 has been of pandemic proportions due to its rapid spread and virulence. COVID-19 patients experience respiratory, digestive and neurological symptoms. Distinctive symptom as anosmia, suggests a potential neurotropism of this virus. Amongst the several pathways...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021-04-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Immunology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.665300/full |
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| author | Sílvia Llorens Sílvia Llorens Eduardo Nava Eduardo Nava Mónica Muñoz-López Mónica Muñoz-López Álvaro Sánchez-Larsen Tomás Segura Tomás Segura Tomás Segura |
| author_facet | Sílvia Llorens Sílvia Llorens Eduardo Nava Eduardo Nava Mónica Muñoz-López Mónica Muñoz-López Álvaro Sánchez-Larsen Tomás Segura Tomás Segura Tomás Segura |
| author_sort | Sílvia Llorens |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The irruption of SARS-CoV-2 during 2020 has been of pandemic proportions due to its rapid spread and virulence. COVID-19 patients experience respiratory, digestive and neurological symptoms. Distinctive symptom as anosmia, suggests a potential neurotropism of this virus. Amongst the several pathways of entry to the nervous system, we propose an alternative pathway from the infection of the gut, involving Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), zonulin, protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) and zonulin brain receptor. Possible use of zonulin antagonists could be investigated to attenuate neurological manifestations caused by SARS-CoV-19 infection. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-17T00:59:15Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-7b7dbc8728c04c13b4370346b9dc888a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-3224 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-17T00:59:15Z |
| publishDate | 2021-04-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Immunology |
| spelling | doaj.art-7b7dbc8728c04c13b4370346b9dc888a2022-12-21T22:09:31ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Immunology1664-32242021-04-011210.3389/fimmu.2021.665300665300Neurological Symptoms of COVID-19: The Zonulin HypothesisSílvia Llorens0Sílvia Llorens1Eduardo Nava2Eduardo Nava3Mónica Muñoz-López4Mónica Muñoz-López5Álvaro Sánchez-Larsen6Tomás Segura7Tomás Segura8Tomás Segura9Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine of Albacete, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, SpainCentro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CRIB), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, SpainDepartment of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine of Albacete, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, SpainCentro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CRIB), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, SpainDepartment of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine of Albacete, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, SpainCentro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CRIB), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, SpainServicio de Neurología, Hospital General Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, SpainDepartment of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine of Albacete, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, SpainServicio de Neurología, Hospital General Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, SpainInstituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas (IDINE), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, SpainThe irruption of SARS-CoV-2 during 2020 has been of pandemic proportions due to its rapid spread and virulence. COVID-19 patients experience respiratory, digestive and neurological symptoms. Distinctive symptom as anosmia, suggests a potential neurotropism of this virus. Amongst the several pathways of entry to the nervous system, we propose an alternative pathway from the infection of the gut, involving Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), zonulin, protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) and zonulin brain receptor. Possible use of zonulin antagonists could be investigated to attenuate neurological manifestations caused by SARS-CoV-19 infection.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.665300/fullzonulinToll-like receptor4tight junctionsblood-brain barrierneurological symptomsgastrointestinal symptoms |
| spellingShingle | Sílvia Llorens Sílvia Llorens Eduardo Nava Eduardo Nava Mónica Muñoz-López Mónica Muñoz-López Álvaro Sánchez-Larsen Tomás Segura Tomás Segura Tomás Segura Neurological Symptoms of COVID-19: The Zonulin Hypothesis Frontiers in Immunology zonulin Toll-like receptor4 tight junctions blood-brain barrier neurological symptoms gastrointestinal symptoms |
| title | Neurological Symptoms of COVID-19: The Zonulin Hypothesis |
| title_full | Neurological Symptoms of COVID-19: The Zonulin Hypothesis |
| title_fullStr | Neurological Symptoms of COVID-19: The Zonulin Hypothesis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Neurological Symptoms of COVID-19: The Zonulin Hypothesis |
| title_short | Neurological Symptoms of COVID-19: The Zonulin Hypothesis |
| title_sort | neurological symptoms of covid 19 the zonulin hypothesis |
| topic | zonulin Toll-like receptor4 tight junctions blood-brain barrier neurological symptoms gastrointestinal symptoms |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.665300/full |
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