Growth Optimization and Rearing of Mealworm (<i>Tenebrio molitor</i> L.) as a Sustainable Food Source
As a sustainable food source for humans, mealworms (<i>Tenebrio molitor</i>) have a great deal of potential, due to the fact that they have a very favorable nutritional profile and a low environmental impact. For meal production, feed formulation and optimization are important. The mealw...
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MDPI AG
2023-05-01
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| Series: | Foods |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/9/1891 |
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| author | Kanwal Riaz Toheed Iqbal Sarzamin Khan Amjad Usman Mariam S. Al-Ghamdi Ashwag Shami Rania Ali El Hadi Mohamed Abdulrahman A. Almadiy Fahd Mohammed Abd Al Galil Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid Nazeer Ahmed Pravej Alam |
| author_facet | Kanwal Riaz Toheed Iqbal Sarzamin Khan Amjad Usman Mariam S. Al-Ghamdi Ashwag Shami Rania Ali El Hadi Mohamed Abdulrahman A. Almadiy Fahd Mohammed Abd Al Galil Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid Nazeer Ahmed Pravej Alam |
| author_sort | Kanwal Riaz |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | As a sustainable food source for humans, mealworms (<i>Tenebrio molitor</i>) have a great deal of potential, due to the fact that they have a very favorable nutritional profile and a low environmental impact. For meal production, feed formulation and optimization are important. The mealworm <i>Tenebrio molitor</i> (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) is the most consumed insect in the world. Mealworms were given a variety of diets, including wheat bran as constant diet supplemented with different levels of Ospor (<i>Bacillus clausii</i>) at 0.002 g, 0.004 g, 0.006 g, and 0.008 g; imutec (<i>Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus</i>) at 0.2 g. 0.4 g, 0.6 g, and 0.8 g; fungi (<i>Calocybe indica</i>) at 250 g, 500 g, and 750 g; yeast (<i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>) at 50 g, 100 g, and 150 g; and wheat bran (standard diet) were examined in complete randomized design (CRD). Different parameters, i.e., the larval, pupal, and adult weight, size, life span, and nutritional profile of mealworm were studied. When compared with other insect growth promoters, only wheat bran was discovered to be the most efficient. It generated the heaviest and longest larvae at 65.03 mg and 18.32 mm, respectively, as well as pupae weighing 107.55 mg and 19.94 mm, respectively, and adults weighing 87.52 mg and 20.26 mm, respectively. It was also determined that fungi (<i>C. indica</i>) and ospor (<i>B. clausii</i>) promoted faster larval development than yeast (<i>S. cerevisiae</i>) and imutec (<i>L. rhamnosus</i>). Larval mortality was also greater in the imutec (<i>L. rhamnosus</i>) and yeast (<i>S. cerevisiae</i>) diets than the others. No pupal mortality was recorded in all diets. Furthermore, the protein content of <i>Tenebrio. molitor</i> raised on a diet including fungi (<i>C. indica</i>) was the highest at (375 g), with a content of 68.31%, followed by a concentration of (250 g) with a content of 67.84%, and wheat bran (1 kg) (normal diet) with the lowest content at 58.91%. <i>T. molitor</i> larvae fed a diet supplemented with bacterial and fungal had lower fat and ash content than bran-fed <i>T. molitor</i> larvae (standard diet). Wheat bran (normal diet) had the highest fat at 16.11%, and ash at 7.71%. Hence, it is concluded that wheat bran alone or diet containing fungi (<i>C. indica</i>) and ospor (<i>B. clausii</i>) performed better in terms of growth, and these diets and protein content are recommended for the mass rearing of mealworms. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:19:17Z |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:19:17Z |
| publishDate | 2023-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Foods |
| spelling | doaj.art-7be1d4bb1cc44c4db7e819ed5dc8f0f12023-11-17T22:56:15ZengMDPI AGFoods2304-81582023-05-01129189110.3390/foods12091891Growth Optimization and Rearing of Mealworm (<i>Tenebrio molitor</i> L.) as a Sustainable Food SourceKanwal Riaz0Toheed Iqbal1Sarzamin Khan2Amjad Usman3Mariam S. Al-Ghamdi4Ashwag Shami5Rania Ali El Hadi Mohamed6Abdulrahman A. Almadiy7Fahd Mohammed Abd Al Galil8Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid9Nazeer Ahmed10Pravej Alam11Department of Entomology, Faculty of Plant Protection, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, PakistanDepartment of Entomology, Faculty of Plant Protection, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, PakistanDepartment of Poultry Science, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, PakistanDepartment of Entomology, Faculty of Plant Protection, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, PakistanDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24381, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Biology, College of Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Biology, College of Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Najran University, Najran 1988, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Bisha, P.O. Box 551, Bisha 61922, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Biology, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Agriculture, University of Swabi, Anbar, Swabi 23561, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, PakistanDepartment of Biology, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi ArabiaAs a sustainable food source for humans, mealworms (<i>Tenebrio molitor</i>) have a great deal of potential, due to the fact that they have a very favorable nutritional profile and a low environmental impact. For meal production, feed formulation and optimization are important. The mealworm <i>Tenebrio molitor</i> (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) is the most consumed insect in the world. Mealworms were given a variety of diets, including wheat bran as constant diet supplemented with different levels of Ospor (<i>Bacillus clausii</i>) at 0.002 g, 0.004 g, 0.006 g, and 0.008 g; imutec (<i>Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus</i>) at 0.2 g. 0.4 g, 0.6 g, and 0.8 g; fungi (<i>Calocybe indica</i>) at 250 g, 500 g, and 750 g; yeast (<i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>) at 50 g, 100 g, and 150 g; and wheat bran (standard diet) were examined in complete randomized design (CRD). Different parameters, i.e., the larval, pupal, and adult weight, size, life span, and nutritional profile of mealworm were studied. When compared with other insect growth promoters, only wheat bran was discovered to be the most efficient. It generated the heaviest and longest larvae at 65.03 mg and 18.32 mm, respectively, as well as pupae weighing 107.55 mg and 19.94 mm, respectively, and adults weighing 87.52 mg and 20.26 mm, respectively. It was also determined that fungi (<i>C. indica</i>) and ospor (<i>B. clausii</i>) promoted faster larval development than yeast (<i>S. cerevisiae</i>) and imutec (<i>L. rhamnosus</i>). Larval mortality was also greater in the imutec (<i>L. rhamnosus</i>) and yeast (<i>S. cerevisiae</i>) diets than the others. No pupal mortality was recorded in all diets. Furthermore, the protein content of <i>Tenebrio. molitor</i> raised on a diet including fungi (<i>C. indica</i>) was the highest at (375 g), with a content of 68.31%, followed by a concentration of (250 g) with a content of 67.84%, and wheat bran (1 kg) (normal diet) with the lowest content at 58.91%. <i>T. molitor</i> larvae fed a diet supplemented with bacterial and fungal had lower fat and ash content than bran-fed <i>T. molitor</i> larvae (standard diet). Wheat bran (normal diet) had the highest fat at 16.11%, and ash at 7.71%. Hence, it is concluded that wheat bran alone or diet containing fungi (<i>C. indica</i>) and ospor (<i>B. clausii</i>) performed better in terms of growth, and these diets and protein content are recommended for the mass rearing of mealworms.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/9/1891fungibacteriamealwormlife parametersdiet supplements |
| spellingShingle | Kanwal Riaz Toheed Iqbal Sarzamin Khan Amjad Usman Mariam S. Al-Ghamdi Ashwag Shami Rania Ali El Hadi Mohamed Abdulrahman A. Almadiy Fahd Mohammed Abd Al Galil Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid Nazeer Ahmed Pravej Alam Growth Optimization and Rearing of Mealworm (<i>Tenebrio molitor</i> L.) as a Sustainable Food Source Foods fungi bacteria mealworm life parameters diet supplements |
| title | Growth Optimization and Rearing of Mealworm (<i>Tenebrio molitor</i> L.) as a Sustainable Food Source |
| title_full | Growth Optimization and Rearing of Mealworm (<i>Tenebrio molitor</i> L.) as a Sustainable Food Source |
| title_fullStr | Growth Optimization and Rearing of Mealworm (<i>Tenebrio molitor</i> L.) as a Sustainable Food Source |
| title_full_unstemmed | Growth Optimization and Rearing of Mealworm (<i>Tenebrio molitor</i> L.) as a Sustainable Food Source |
| title_short | Growth Optimization and Rearing of Mealworm (<i>Tenebrio molitor</i> L.) as a Sustainable Food Source |
| title_sort | growth optimization and rearing of mealworm i tenebrio molitor i l as a sustainable food source |
| topic | fungi bacteria mealworm life parameters diet supplements |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/9/1891 |
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