Commercially available kelp and seaweed products – valuable iodine source or risk of excess intake?
Background: Seaweeds and kelps, also known as macroalgae, have long been common in the East-Asian diet. During recent years, macroalgae have entered the global food market, and a variety of macroalgae products are now available for consumers. Some macroalgae species are known to be particularly rich...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Swedish Nutrition Foundation
2021-03-01
|
| Series: | Food & Nutrition Research |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://foodandnutritionresearch.net/index.php/fnr/article/view/7584/13452 |
| _version_ | 1818330878673158144 |
|---|---|
| author | Inger Aakre Dina Doblaug Solli Maria Wik Markhus Hanne K. Mæhre Lisbeth Dahl Sigrun Henjum Jan Alexander Patrick-Andre Korneliussen Lise Madsen Marian Kjellevold |
| author_facet | Inger Aakre Dina Doblaug Solli Maria Wik Markhus Hanne K. Mæhre Lisbeth Dahl Sigrun Henjum Jan Alexander Patrick-Andre Korneliussen Lise Madsen Marian Kjellevold |
| author_sort | Inger Aakre |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: Seaweeds and kelps, also known as macroalgae, have long been common in the East-Asian diet. During recent years, macroalgae have entered the global food market, and a variety of macroalgae products are now available for consumers. Some macroalgae species are known to be particularly rich in iodine, but little data regarding the iodine content of macroalgae-containing foods exists. Objective: The aim of this research study was to analyse the iodine content in a large variety of commercially available macroalgae-containing foods and supplements and to evaluate whether such products are sources of adequate dietary iodine. Design: Ninety-six different products were collected after surveying the Norwegian market for commercially available macroalgae products, collected from three categories: 1) wholefood macroalgae products (n = 43), 2) macroalgae-containing foods (n = 39), and 3) dietary supplements containing macroalgae (n = 14). All products were analysed for iodine content by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Results: The iodine content in one portion of wholefood macroalgae products ranged from 128 to 62,400 μg. In macroalgae-containing foods, the iodine content ranged from 30 to 25,300 μg per portion, and in supplements it ranged from 5 to 5,600 μg per daily dose. The species with the highest analysed iodine content were oarweed, sugarkelp and kombu, with mean iodine levels of 7,800, 4,469 and 2,276 μg/g, respectively. For 54 products, the intake of one portion or dose would exceed the tolerable upper intake level (UL) for iodine. Discussion and conclusion: The iodine content in the included products was variable and for most products high, exceeding the tolerable upper intake level (UL) if consumed as a serving or portion size. The labelling of macroalgae species included, and declaration of iodine content, were inadequate or inaccurate for several products. As macroalgae-containing products are unreliable iodine sources, inclusion of such products in the diet may pose a risk of consuming excessive amounts of iodine. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-13T13:10:57Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-7be414e58e4945a7b987de43fec2142c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1654-661X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-13T13:10:57Z |
| publishDate | 2021-03-01 |
| publisher | Swedish Nutrition Foundation |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Food & Nutrition Research |
| spelling | doaj.art-7be414e58e4945a7b987de43fec2142c2022-12-21T23:44:42ZengSwedish Nutrition FoundationFood & Nutrition Research1654-661X2021-03-0165011710.29219/fnr.v65.75847584Commercially available kelp and seaweed products – valuable iodine source or risk of excess intake?Inger Aakre0Dina Doblaug Solli1Maria Wik Markhus2Hanne K. Mæhre3Lisbeth Dahl4Sigrun Henjum5Jan Alexander6Patrick-Andre Korneliussen7Lise Madsen8Marian Kjellevold9Department of Seafood and Nutrition, Institute of Marine Research, NO-5817 Bergen, NorwayDepartment of Seafood and Nutrition, Institute of Marine Research, NO-5817 Bergen, NorwayDepartment of Seafood and Nutrition, Institute of Marine Research, NO-5817 Bergen, NorwayNofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, NorwayDepartment of Seafood and Nutrition, Institute of Marine Research, NO-5817 Bergen, NorwayDepartment of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University (OsloMet), Oslo, NorwayDivision of Infection Control, Environment and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, NorwayDepartment of Seafood and Nutrition, Institute of Marine Research, NO-5817 Bergen, NorwayDepartment of Seafood and Nutrition, Institute of Marine Research, NO-5817 Bergen, NorwayDepartment of Seafood and Nutrition, Institute of Marine Research, NO-5817 Bergen, NorwayBackground: Seaweeds and kelps, also known as macroalgae, have long been common in the East-Asian diet. During recent years, macroalgae have entered the global food market, and a variety of macroalgae products are now available for consumers. Some macroalgae species are known to be particularly rich in iodine, but little data regarding the iodine content of macroalgae-containing foods exists. Objective: The aim of this research study was to analyse the iodine content in a large variety of commercially available macroalgae-containing foods and supplements and to evaluate whether such products are sources of adequate dietary iodine. Design: Ninety-six different products were collected after surveying the Norwegian market for commercially available macroalgae products, collected from three categories: 1) wholefood macroalgae products (n = 43), 2) macroalgae-containing foods (n = 39), and 3) dietary supplements containing macroalgae (n = 14). All products were analysed for iodine content by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Results: The iodine content in one portion of wholefood macroalgae products ranged from 128 to 62,400 μg. In macroalgae-containing foods, the iodine content ranged from 30 to 25,300 μg per portion, and in supplements it ranged from 5 to 5,600 μg per daily dose. The species with the highest analysed iodine content were oarweed, sugarkelp and kombu, with mean iodine levels of 7,800, 4,469 and 2,276 μg/g, respectively. For 54 products, the intake of one portion or dose would exceed the tolerable upper intake level (UL) for iodine. Discussion and conclusion: The iodine content in the included products was variable and for most products high, exceeding the tolerable upper intake level (UL) if consumed as a serving or portion size. The labelling of macroalgae species included, and declaration of iodine content, were inadequate or inaccurate for several products. As macroalgae-containing products are unreliable iodine sources, inclusion of such products in the diet may pose a risk of consuming excessive amounts of iodine.https://foodandnutritionresearch.net/index.php/fnr/article/view/7584/13452iodinerecommended intaketolerable upper intake levelseaweedkelpmacroalgaeiodine excessnovel food |
| spellingShingle | Inger Aakre Dina Doblaug Solli Maria Wik Markhus Hanne K. Mæhre Lisbeth Dahl Sigrun Henjum Jan Alexander Patrick-Andre Korneliussen Lise Madsen Marian Kjellevold Commercially available kelp and seaweed products – valuable iodine source or risk of excess intake? Food & Nutrition Research iodine recommended intake tolerable upper intake level seaweed kelp macroalgae iodine excess novel food |
| title | Commercially available kelp and seaweed products – valuable iodine source or risk of excess intake? |
| title_full | Commercially available kelp and seaweed products – valuable iodine source or risk of excess intake? |
| title_fullStr | Commercially available kelp and seaweed products – valuable iodine source or risk of excess intake? |
| title_full_unstemmed | Commercially available kelp and seaweed products – valuable iodine source or risk of excess intake? |
| title_short | Commercially available kelp and seaweed products – valuable iodine source or risk of excess intake? |
| title_sort | commercially available kelp and seaweed products valuable iodine source or risk of excess intake |
| topic | iodine recommended intake tolerable upper intake level seaweed kelp macroalgae iodine excess novel food |
| url | https://foodandnutritionresearch.net/index.php/fnr/article/view/7584/13452 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ingeraakre commerciallyavailablekelpandseaweedproductsvaluableiodinesourceorriskofexcessintake AT dinadoblaugsolli commerciallyavailablekelpandseaweedproductsvaluableiodinesourceorriskofexcessintake AT mariawikmarkhus commerciallyavailablekelpandseaweedproductsvaluableiodinesourceorriskofexcessintake AT hannekmæhre commerciallyavailablekelpandseaweedproductsvaluableiodinesourceorriskofexcessintake AT lisbethdahl commerciallyavailablekelpandseaweedproductsvaluableiodinesourceorriskofexcessintake AT sigrunhenjum commerciallyavailablekelpandseaweedproductsvaluableiodinesourceorriskofexcessintake AT janalexander commerciallyavailablekelpandseaweedproductsvaluableiodinesourceorriskofexcessintake AT patrickandrekorneliussen commerciallyavailablekelpandseaweedproductsvaluableiodinesourceorriskofexcessintake AT lisemadsen commerciallyavailablekelpandseaweedproductsvaluableiodinesourceorriskofexcessintake AT mariankjellevold commerciallyavailablekelpandseaweedproductsvaluableiodinesourceorriskofexcessintake |