Effects of Herbicides and the Chytrid Fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis on the growth, development and survival of Larval American Toads (Anaxyrus americanus)
Pesticides and pathogens adversely affect amphibian health, but their interactive effects are not well known. We assessed independent and combined effects of two agricultural herbicides and the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) on the growth, development and survival of larval Amer...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2023-07-01
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| Series: | Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651323005250 |
| _version_ | 1797812804164517888 |
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| author | Linda J. Paetow Roger I. Cue Bruce D. Pauli David J. Marcogliese |
| author_facet | Linda J. Paetow Roger I. Cue Bruce D. Pauli David J. Marcogliese |
| author_sort | Linda J. Paetow |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Pesticides and pathogens adversely affect amphibian health, but their interactive effects are not well known. We assessed independent and combined effects of two agricultural herbicides and the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) on the growth, development and survival of larval American toads (Anaxyrus americanus). Wild-caught tadpoles were exposed to four concentrations of atrazine (0.18, 1.8, 18.0, 180 μg/L) or glyphosate (7, 70, 700, 7000 µg a.e./L), respectively contained in Aatrex® Liquid 480 (Syngenta) or Vision® Silviculture Herbicide (Monsanto) for 14 days, followed by two doses of Bd. At day 14, atrazine had not affected survival, but it non-monotonically affected growth. Exposure to the highest concentration of glyphosate caused 100% mortality within 4 days, while lower doses had an increasing monotonic effect on growth. At day 65, tadpole survival was unaffected by atrazine and the lower doses of glyphosate. Neither herbicide demonstrated an interaction effect with Bd on survival, but exposure to Bd increased survival among both herbicide-exposed and herbicide-control tadpoles. At day 60, tadpoles exposed to the highest concentration of atrazine remained smaller than controls, indicating longer-term effects of atrazine on growth, but effects of glyphosate on growth disappeared. Growth was unaffected by any herbicide-fungal interaction but was positively affected by exposure to Bd following exposure to atrazine. Atrazine exhibited a slowing and non-monotonic effect on Gosner developmental stage, while exposure to Bd tended to speed up development and act antagonistically toward the observed effect of atrazine. Overall, atrazine, glyphosate and Bd all showed a potential to modulate larval toad growth and development. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-13T07:43:50Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-7bed330f60974e05bfe5ee43e061f6a2 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 0147-6513 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-13T07:43:50Z |
| publishDate | 2023-07-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety |
| spelling | doaj.art-7bed330f60974e05bfe5ee43e061f6a22023-06-03T04:21:28ZengElsevierEcotoxicology and Environmental Safety0147-65132023-07-01259115021Effects of Herbicides and the Chytrid Fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis on the growth, development and survival of Larval American Toads (Anaxyrus americanus)Linda J. Paetow0Roger I. Cue1Bruce D. Pauli2David J. Marcogliese3Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. W, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada; Corresponding author.Department of Animal Science, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Rd., Ste. Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, CanadaEnvironment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0H3, CanadaAquatic Contaminants Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, St. Lawrence Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 105 McGill, 7th Floor, Montreal, Quebec H2Y 2E7, CanadaPesticides and pathogens adversely affect amphibian health, but their interactive effects are not well known. We assessed independent and combined effects of two agricultural herbicides and the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) on the growth, development and survival of larval American toads (Anaxyrus americanus). Wild-caught tadpoles were exposed to four concentrations of atrazine (0.18, 1.8, 18.0, 180 μg/L) or glyphosate (7, 70, 700, 7000 µg a.e./L), respectively contained in Aatrex® Liquid 480 (Syngenta) or Vision® Silviculture Herbicide (Monsanto) for 14 days, followed by two doses of Bd. At day 14, atrazine had not affected survival, but it non-monotonically affected growth. Exposure to the highest concentration of glyphosate caused 100% mortality within 4 days, while lower doses had an increasing monotonic effect on growth. At day 65, tadpole survival was unaffected by atrazine and the lower doses of glyphosate. Neither herbicide demonstrated an interaction effect with Bd on survival, but exposure to Bd increased survival among both herbicide-exposed and herbicide-control tadpoles. At day 60, tadpoles exposed to the highest concentration of atrazine remained smaller than controls, indicating longer-term effects of atrazine on growth, but effects of glyphosate on growth disappeared. Growth was unaffected by any herbicide-fungal interaction but was positively affected by exposure to Bd following exposure to atrazine. Atrazine exhibited a slowing and non-monotonic effect on Gosner developmental stage, while exposure to Bd tended to speed up development and act antagonistically toward the observed effect of atrazine. Overall, atrazine, glyphosate and Bd all showed a potential to modulate larval toad growth and development.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651323005250Atrazine Glyphosate AmphibiansBatrachochytrium dendrobatidisChytrid fungusAnaxyrus americanus |
| spellingShingle | Linda J. Paetow Roger I. Cue Bruce D. Pauli David J. Marcogliese Effects of Herbicides and the Chytrid Fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis on the growth, development and survival of Larval American Toads (Anaxyrus americanus) Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Atrazine Glyphosate Amphibians Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Chytrid fungus Anaxyrus americanus |
| title | Effects of Herbicides and the Chytrid Fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis on the growth, development and survival of Larval American Toads (Anaxyrus americanus) |
| title_full | Effects of Herbicides and the Chytrid Fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis on the growth, development and survival of Larval American Toads (Anaxyrus americanus) |
| title_fullStr | Effects of Herbicides and the Chytrid Fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis on the growth, development and survival of Larval American Toads (Anaxyrus americanus) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of Herbicides and the Chytrid Fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis on the growth, development and survival of Larval American Toads (Anaxyrus americanus) |
| title_short | Effects of Herbicides and the Chytrid Fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis on the growth, development and survival of Larval American Toads (Anaxyrus americanus) |
| title_sort | effects of herbicides and the chytrid fungus batrachochytrium dendrobatidis on the growth development and survival of larval american toads anaxyrus americanus |
| topic | Atrazine Glyphosate Amphibians Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Chytrid fungus Anaxyrus americanus |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651323005250 |
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