Non-Endemic Leishmaniases Reported Globally in Humans between 2000 and 2021—A Comprehensive Review
Leishmaniases are human and animal parasitic diseases transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies. Globalization is an important driver of the burden and in the current dynamics of these diseases. A systematic review of articles published between 2000 and 2021 was conducted using the PubMed search engine...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-08-01
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| Series: | Pathogens |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/8/921 |
| _version_ | 1797408444152545280 |
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| author | Rafael Rocha André Pereira Carla Maia |
| author_facet | Rafael Rocha André Pereira Carla Maia |
| author_sort | Rafael Rocha |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Leishmaniases are human and animal parasitic diseases transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies. Globalization is an important driver of the burden and in the current dynamics of these diseases. A systematic review of articles published between 2000 and 2021 was conducted using the PubMed search engine to identify the epidemiology and clinical management of imported human leishmaniases as a fundamental step to better manage individual cases and traveler and migrant health from a global perspective. A total of 275 articles were selected, representing 10,341 human imported cases. Identified drivers of changing patterns in epidemiology include conflict and war, as well as host factors, such as immunosuppression, natural and iatrogenic. <i>Leishmania</i> species diversity associated with different clinical presentations implies diagnostic and treatment strategies often complex to select and apply, especially in non-endemic settings. Thus, diagnostic and management algorithms for medical clinical decision support are proposed. Increased surveillance of non-endemic cases, whether in vulnerable populations such as refugees/migrants and immunocompromised individuals or travelers, could improve individual health and mitigate the public health risk of introducing <i>Leishmania</i> species into new areas. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T03:59:32Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-7c0b24280e104864a0bf23ee310de5f8 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-0817 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T03:59:32Z |
| publishDate | 2022-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pathogens |
| spelling | doaj.art-7c0b24280e104864a0bf23ee310de5f82023-12-03T14:15:47ZengMDPI AGPathogens2076-08172022-08-0111892110.3390/pathogens11080921Non-Endemic Leishmaniases Reported Globally in Humans between 2000 and 2021—A Comprehensive ReviewRafael Rocha0André Pereira1Carla Maia2Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1349-008 Lisbon, PortugalFaculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Lusófona, 1749-024 Lisbon, PortugalGlobal Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1349-008 Lisbon, PortugalLeishmaniases are human and animal parasitic diseases transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies. Globalization is an important driver of the burden and in the current dynamics of these diseases. A systematic review of articles published between 2000 and 2021 was conducted using the PubMed search engine to identify the epidemiology and clinical management of imported human leishmaniases as a fundamental step to better manage individual cases and traveler and migrant health from a global perspective. A total of 275 articles were selected, representing 10,341 human imported cases. Identified drivers of changing patterns in epidemiology include conflict and war, as well as host factors, such as immunosuppression, natural and iatrogenic. <i>Leishmania</i> species diversity associated with different clinical presentations implies diagnostic and treatment strategies often complex to select and apply, especially in non-endemic settings. Thus, diagnostic and management algorithms for medical clinical decision support are proposed. Increased surveillance of non-endemic cases, whether in vulnerable populations such as refugees/migrants and immunocompromised individuals or travelers, could improve individual health and mitigate the public health risk of introducing <i>Leishmania</i> species into new areas.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/8/921leishmaniasisimportedtravelmigrantsrefugeeshumans |
| spellingShingle | Rafael Rocha André Pereira Carla Maia Non-Endemic Leishmaniases Reported Globally in Humans between 2000 and 2021—A Comprehensive Review Pathogens leishmaniasis imported travel migrants refugees humans |
| title | Non-Endemic Leishmaniases Reported Globally in Humans between 2000 and 2021—A Comprehensive Review |
| title_full | Non-Endemic Leishmaniases Reported Globally in Humans between 2000 and 2021—A Comprehensive Review |
| title_fullStr | Non-Endemic Leishmaniases Reported Globally in Humans between 2000 and 2021—A Comprehensive Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Non-Endemic Leishmaniases Reported Globally in Humans between 2000 and 2021—A Comprehensive Review |
| title_short | Non-Endemic Leishmaniases Reported Globally in Humans between 2000 and 2021—A Comprehensive Review |
| title_sort | non endemic leishmaniases reported globally in humans between 2000 and 2021 a comprehensive review |
| topic | leishmaniasis imported travel migrants refugees humans |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/11/8/921 |
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