Non-Intrusive Contact Respiratory Sensor for Vehicles
In this work, we propose a low-cost solution capable of collecting the driver’s respiratory signal in a robust and non-intrusive way by contact with the chest and abdomen. It consists of a microcontroller and two piezoelectric sensors with their respective 3D printed plastic housings attached to the...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-01-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/3/880 |
| _version_ | 1797484811976179712 |
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| author | Quentin Meteier Michiel Kindt Leonardo Angelini Omar Abou Khaled Elena Mugellini |
| author_facet | Quentin Meteier Michiel Kindt Leonardo Angelini Omar Abou Khaled Elena Mugellini |
| author_sort | Quentin Meteier |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this work, we propose a low-cost solution capable of collecting the driver’s respiratory signal in a robust and non-intrusive way by contact with the chest and abdomen. It consists of a microcontroller and two piezoelectric sensors with their respective 3D printed plastic housings attached to the seat belt. An iterative process was conducted to find the optimal shape of the sensor housing. The location of the sensors can be easily adapted by sliding them along the seat belt. A few participants took part in three test sessions in a driving simulator. They had to perform various activities: resting, deep breathing, manual driving, and a non-driving-related task during automated driving. The subjects’ breathing rates were calculated from raw data collected with a reference chest belt, each sensor alone, and the fusion of the two. Results indicate that respiratory rate could be assessed from a single sensor located on the chest with an average absolute error of 0.92 min<sup>−1</sup> across all periods, dropping to 0.13 min<sup>−1</sup> during deep breathing. Sensor fusion did not improve system performance. A 4-pole filter with a cutoff frequency of 1 Hz emerged as the best option to minimize the error during the different periods. The results suggest that such a system could be used to assess the driver’s breathing rate while performing various activities in a vehicle. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:09:52Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-7c0e5f445b534cffb29e543594adc604 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T23:09:52Z |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-7c0e5f445b534cffb29e543594adc6042023-11-23T17:46:54ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202022-01-0122388010.3390/s22030880Non-Intrusive Contact Respiratory Sensor for VehiclesQuentin Meteier0Michiel Kindt1Leonardo Angelini2Omar Abou Khaled3Elena Mugellini4HumanTech Institute, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Western Switzerland//HES-SO, 1700 Fribourg, SwitzerlandUniversity of Applied Sciences and Arts of Northwestern Switzerland//FHNW, 5210 Windisch, SwitzerlandHumanTech Institute, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Western Switzerland//HES-SO, 1700 Fribourg, SwitzerlandHumanTech Institute, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Western Switzerland//HES-SO, 1700 Fribourg, SwitzerlandHumanTech Institute, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Western Switzerland//HES-SO, 1700 Fribourg, SwitzerlandIn this work, we propose a low-cost solution capable of collecting the driver’s respiratory signal in a robust and non-intrusive way by contact with the chest and abdomen. It consists of a microcontroller and two piezoelectric sensors with their respective 3D printed plastic housings attached to the seat belt. An iterative process was conducted to find the optimal shape of the sensor housing. The location of the sensors can be easily adapted by sliding them along the seat belt. A few participants took part in three test sessions in a driving simulator. They had to perform various activities: resting, deep breathing, manual driving, and a non-driving-related task during automated driving. The subjects’ breathing rates were calculated from raw data collected with a reference chest belt, each sensor alone, and the fusion of the two. Results indicate that respiratory rate could be assessed from a single sensor located on the chest with an average absolute error of 0.92 min<sup>−1</sup> across all periods, dropping to 0.13 min<sup>−1</sup> during deep breathing. Sensor fusion did not improve system performance. A 4-pole filter with a cutoff frequency of 1 Hz emerged as the best option to minimize the error during the different periods. The results suggest that such a system could be used to assess the driver’s breathing rate while performing various activities in a vehicle.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/3/880contactdriver statefusionnon-intrusiverespirationsensor |
| spellingShingle | Quentin Meteier Michiel Kindt Leonardo Angelini Omar Abou Khaled Elena Mugellini Non-Intrusive Contact Respiratory Sensor for Vehicles Sensors contact driver state fusion non-intrusive respiration sensor |
| title | Non-Intrusive Contact Respiratory Sensor for Vehicles |
| title_full | Non-Intrusive Contact Respiratory Sensor for Vehicles |
| title_fullStr | Non-Intrusive Contact Respiratory Sensor for Vehicles |
| title_full_unstemmed | Non-Intrusive Contact Respiratory Sensor for Vehicles |
| title_short | Non-Intrusive Contact Respiratory Sensor for Vehicles |
| title_sort | non intrusive contact respiratory sensor for vehicles |
| topic | contact driver state fusion non-intrusive respiration sensor |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/3/880 |
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