In Vivo Evaluation of the Chronic Oral Toxicity of the Marine Toxin Palytoxin
<i>Palytoxin</i> (PLTX) is one of the most poisonous substances known to date and considered as an emergent toxin in Europe. Palytoxin binds to the Na<sup>+</sup>-K<sup>+</sup> ATPase, converting the enzyme in a permeant cation channel. This toxin is known for cau...
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MDPI AG
2020-07-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/12/8/489 |
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| author | Andrea Boente-Juncal Sandra Raposo-García Carmen Vale M. Carmen Louzao Paz Otero Luis M. Botana |
| author_facet | Andrea Boente-Juncal Sandra Raposo-García Carmen Vale M. Carmen Louzao Paz Otero Luis M. Botana |
| author_sort | Andrea Boente-Juncal |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Palytoxin</i> (PLTX) is one of the most poisonous substances known to date and considered as an emergent toxin in Europe. Palytoxin binds to the Na<sup>+</sup>-K<sup>+</sup> ATPase, converting the enzyme in a permeant cation channel. This toxin is known for causing human fatal intoxications associated with the consumption of contaminated fish and crustaceans such as crabs, groupers, mackerel, and parrotfish. Human intoxications by PLTX after consumption of contaminated fishery products are a serious health issue and can be fatal. Different reports have previously explored the acute oral toxicity of PLTX in mice. Although the presence of palytoxin in marine products is currently not regulated in Europe, the European Food Safety Authority expressed its opinion on PLTX and demanded assessment for chronic toxicity studies of this potent marine toxin. In this study, the chronic toxicity of palytoxin was evaluated after oral administration to mice by gavage during a 28-day period. After chronic exposure of mice to the toxin, a lethal dose 50 (LD<sub>50</sub>) of 0.44 µg/kg of PLTX and a No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level (NOAEL) of 0.03 µg/kg for repeated daily oral administration of PLTX were determined. These results indicate a much higher chronic toxicity of PLTX and a lower NOAEL than that previously described in shorter treatment periods, pointing out the need to further reevaluate the levels of this compound in marine products. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T18:05:16Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T18:05:16Z |
| publishDate | 2020-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-7c522d7552154e6c8fbbf261a5a7d1e12023-11-20T08:33:34ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512020-07-0112848910.3390/toxins12080489In Vivo Evaluation of the Chronic Oral Toxicity of the Marine Toxin PalytoxinAndrea Boente-Juncal0Sandra Raposo-García1Carmen Vale2M. Carmen Louzao3Paz Otero4Luis M. Botana5Departamento de Farmacoloxía, Farmacia e Tecnoloxía Farmacéutica, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario s/n, 27002 Lugo, SpainDepartamento de Farmacoloxía, Farmacia e Tecnoloxía Farmacéutica, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario s/n, 27002 Lugo, SpainDepartamento de Farmacoloxía, Farmacia e Tecnoloxía Farmacéutica, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario s/n, 27002 Lugo, SpainDepartamento de Farmacoloxía, Farmacia e Tecnoloxía Farmacéutica, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario s/n, 27002 Lugo, SpainDepartamento de Farmacoloxía, Farmacia e Tecnoloxía Farmacéutica, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario s/n, 27002 Lugo, SpainDepartamento de Farmacoloxía, Farmacia e Tecnoloxía Farmacéutica, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario s/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain<i>Palytoxin</i> (PLTX) is one of the most poisonous substances known to date and considered as an emergent toxin in Europe. Palytoxin binds to the Na<sup>+</sup>-K<sup>+</sup> ATPase, converting the enzyme in a permeant cation channel. This toxin is known for causing human fatal intoxications associated with the consumption of contaminated fish and crustaceans such as crabs, groupers, mackerel, and parrotfish. Human intoxications by PLTX after consumption of contaminated fishery products are a serious health issue and can be fatal. Different reports have previously explored the acute oral toxicity of PLTX in mice. Although the presence of palytoxin in marine products is currently not regulated in Europe, the European Food Safety Authority expressed its opinion on PLTX and demanded assessment for chronic toxicity studies of this potent marine toxin. In this study, the chronic toxicity of palytoxin was evaluated after oral administration to mice by gavage during a 28-day period. After chronic exposure of mice to the toxin, a lethal dose 50 (LD<sub>50</sub>) of 0.44 µg/kg of PLTX and a No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level (NOAEL) of 0.03 µg/kg for repeated daily oral administration of PLTX were determined. These results indicate a much higher chronic toxicity of PLTX and a lower NOAEL than that previously described in shorter treatment periods, pointing out the need to further reevaluate the levels of this compound in marine products.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/12/8/489palytoxinmarine toxinsin vivo toxicityEFSArisk assessmentsodium-potassium ATPase |
| spellingShingle | Andrea Boente-Juncal Sandra Raposo-García Carmen Vale M. Carmen Louzao Paz Otero Luis M. Botana In Vivo Evaluation of the Chronic Oral Toxicity of the Marine Toxin Palytoxin Toxins palytoxin marine toxins in vivo toxicity EFSA risk assessment sodium-potassium ATPase |
| title | In Vivo Evaluation of the Chronic Oral Toxicity of the Marine Toxin Palytoxin |
| title_full | In Vivo Evaluation of the Chronic Oral Toxicity of the Marine Toxin Palytoxin |
| title_fullStr | In Vivo Evaluation of the Chronic Oral Toxicity of the Marine Toxin Palytoxin |
| title_full_unstemmed | In Vivo Evaluation of the Chronic Oral Toxicity of the Marine Toxin Palytoxin |
| title_short | In Vivo Evaluation of the Chronic Oral Toxicity of the Marine Toxin Palytoxin |
| title_sort | in vivo evaluation of the chronic oral toxicity of the marine toxin palytoxin |
| topic | palytoxin marine toxins in vivo toxicity EFSA risk assessment sodium-potassium ATPase |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/12/8/489 |
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