Effects of Inflammation on the Immune Microenvironment in Gastric Cancer
BackgroundChronic inflammation and immune cell dysfunction in the tumor microenvironment are key factors in the development and progression of gastric tumors. However, inflammation-related genes associated with gastric cancer prognosis and their relationship with the expression of immune genes are n...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021-07-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Oncology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2021.690298/full |
| _version_ | 1818917926929956864 |
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| author | Weidan Zhao Mingqing Liu Mingyue Zhang Yachen Wang Yingli Zhang Shiji Wang Nan Zhang |
| author_facet | Weidan Zhao Mingqing Liu Mingyue Zhang Yachen Wang Yingli Zhang Shiji Wang Nan Zhang |
| author_sort | Weidan Zhao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | BackgroundChronic inflammation and immune cell dysfunction in the tumor microenvironment are key factors in the development and progression of gastric tumors. However, inflammation-related genes associated with gastric cancer prognosis and their relationship with the expression of immune genes are not fully understood.MethodIn this study, we established an inflammatory response model score called “Riskscore”, based on differentially expressed genes in gastric cancer. We used Survival and Survminer packages in R to analyze patient survival and prognosis in risk groups. The survival curve was plotted using the Kaplan–Meier method, and the log-rank test was used to assess statistical significance, and we performed the ROC analysis using the R language package to analyze the 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival of patients in the GEO and TCGA databases. Single-factor and multi-factor prognostic analyses were carried out for age, sex, T, N, M, and risk score. Pathway enrichment analysis indicated immune factor-related pathway enrichment in both patient groups. Next, we screened for important genes that are involved in immune cell regulation. Finally, we created a correlation curve to explore the correlation between Riskscore and the expression of these genes.ResultsThe prognosis was significantly different between high- and low-risk groups, and the survival rate and survival time of the high-risk group were lower than those of the low-risk group. we found that the pathways related to apoptosis, hypoxia, and immunity were most enriched in the risk groups. we found two common tumor-infiltrating immune cell types (i.e., follicular helper T cells and resting dendritic cells) between the two risk groups and identified 10 genes that regulate these cells. Additionally, we found that these 10 genes are positively associated with the two risk groups.ConclusionFinally, a risk model of the inflammatory response in gastric cancer was established, and the inflammation-related genes used to construct the model were found to be directly related to immune infiltration. This model can improve the gastric cancer prognosis prediction. Our findings contribute to the development of immunotherapy for the treatment of gastric cancer patients. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-20T00:41:50Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-7c6917d47247481db3827d7abac770d3 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2234-943X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-20T00:41:50Z |
| publishDate | 2021-07-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Oncology |
| spelling | doaj.art-7c6917d47247481db3827d7abac770d32022-12-21T19:59:32ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Oncology2234-943X2021-07-011110.3389/fonc.2021.690298690298Effects of Inflammation on the Immune Microenvironment in Gastric CancerWeidan Zhao0Mingqing Liu1Mingyue Zhang2Yachen Wang3Yingli Zhang4Shiji Wang5Nan Zhang6Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, ChinaDepartment of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, ChinaDepartment of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, ChinaDepartment of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, ChinaDepartment of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, ChinaDepartment of Intensive Care Unit, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, ChinaDepartment of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, ChinaBackgroundChronic inflammation and immune cell dysfunction in the tumor microenvironment are key factors in the development and progression of gastric tumors. However, inflammation-related genes associated with gastric cancer prognosis and their relationship with the expression of immune genes are not fully understood.MethodIn this study, we established an inflammatory response model score called “Riskscore”, based on differentially expressed genes in gastric cancer. We used Survival and Survminer packages in R to analyze patient survival and prognosis in risk groups. The survival curve was plotted using the Kaplan–Meier method, and the log-rank test was used to assess statistical significance, and we performed the ROC analysis using the R language package to analyze the 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival of patients in the GEO and TCGA databases. Single-factor and multi-factor prognostic analyses were carried out for age, sex, T, N, M, and risk score. Pathway enrichment analysis indicated immune factor-related pathway enrichment in both patient groups. Next, we screened for important genes that are involved in immune cell regulation. Finally, we created a correlation curve to explore the correlation between Riskscore and the expression of these genes.ResultsThe prognosis was significantly different between high- and low-risk groups, and the survival rate and survival time of the high-risk group were lower than those of the low-risk group. we found that the pathways related to apoptosis, hypoxia, and immunity were most enriched in the risk groups. we found two common tumor-infiltrating immune cell types (i.e., follicular helper T cells and resting dendritic cells) between the two risk groups and identified 10 genes that regulate these cells. Additionally, we found that these 10 genes are positively associated with the two risk groups.ConclusionFinally, a risk model of the inflammatory response in gastric cancer was established, and the inflammation-related genes used to construct the model were found to be directly related to immune infiltration. This model can improve the gastric cancer prognosis prediction. Our findings contribute to the development of immunotherapy for the treatment of gastric cancer patients.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2021.690298/fullinflammationtumor microenvironmentgastric cancerimmune cell infiltrationrisk score |
| spellingShingle | Weidan Zhao Mingqing Liu Mingyue Zhang Yachen Wang Yingli Zhang Shiji Wang Nan Zhang Effects of Inflammation on the Immune Microenvironment in Gastric Cancer Frontiers in Oncology inflammation tumor microenvironment gastric cancer immune cell infiltration risk score |
| title | Effects of Inflammation on the Immune Microenvironment in Gastric Cancer |
| title_full | Effects of Inflammation on the Immune Microenvironment in Gastric Cancer |
| title_fullStr | Effects of Inflammation on the Immune Microenvironment in Gastric Cancer |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of Inflammation on the Immune Microenvironment in Gastric Cancer |
| title_short | Effects of Inflammation on the Immune Microenvironment in Gastric Cancer |
| title_sort | effects of inflammation on the immune microenvironment in gastric cancer |
| topic | inflammation tumor microenvironment gastric cancer immune cell infiltration risk score |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2021.690298/full |
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