Impact of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, CuO and Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> on the AC Breakdown Voltage of Palm Oil and Coconut Oil in the Presence of CTAB
This paper presents an experimental study on the AC breakdown voltages of Refined, Bleached and Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) Olein and Coconut Oil (CO) in the presence of conductive (Iron (II,III) Oxide, Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>), semi-conductive (Copper (II) Oxide, CuO) an...
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MDPI AG
2019-04-01
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| Series: | Energies |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/12/9/1605 |
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| author | Nur Aqilah Mohamad Norhafiz Azis Jasronita Jasni Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir Robiah Yunus Zaini Yaakub |
| author_facet | Nur Aqilah Mohamad Norhafiz Azis Jasronita Jasni Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir Robiah Yunus Zaini Yaakub |
| author_sort | Nur Aqilah Mohamad |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This paper presents an experimental study on the AC breakdown voltages of Refined, Bleached and Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) Olein and Coconut Oil (CO) in the presence of conductive (Iron (II,III) Oxide, Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>), semi-conductive (Copper (II) Oxide, CuO) and insulative (Aluminium Oxide, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) nanoparticles without and with surfactant. The type of surfactant used in this study was Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB). The volume concentrations range of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, CuO and Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> was varied from 0.001% to 0.05%. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) was used to characterize the nanoparticles in RBDPO and CO. AC breakdown voltage tests were carried out for RBDPO and CO of which the AC breakdown voltage at 1% probability was determined based on Weibull distribution. It is found that only Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> can improve the average AC breakdown voltage of RBDPO and CO. The AC breakdown voltages at 1% probability for RBDPO and CO can be improved through introduction of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, CuO and Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> at certain volume concentrations. Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> provides the highest enhancement of AC breakdown voltages at 1% probability for RBDPO and CO with the highest percentage of improvement can be up to 52%. CTAB has no clear effect on the improvement of AC breakdown voltages of RBDPO and CO based Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, CuO and Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> nanofluids. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-13T07:21:37Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-7c789ca6e2e54a41ae16ecb7e30e36cf |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1073 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T07:21:37Z |
| publishDate | 2019-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Energies |
| spelling | doaj.art-7c789ca6e2e54a41ae16ecb7e30e36cf2022-12-22T02:56:36ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732019-04-01129160510.3390/en12091605en12091605Impact of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, CuO and Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> on the AC Breakdown Voltage of Palm Oil and Coconut Oil in the Presence of CTABNur Aqilah Mohamad0Norhafiz Azis1Jasronita Jasni2Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir3Robiah Yunus4Zaini Yaakub5Advanced Lightning, Power and Energy Research Centre (ALPER), Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, MalaysiaAdvanced Lightning, Power and Energy Research Centre (ALPER), Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, MalaysiaAdvanced Lightning, Power and Energy Research Centre (ALPER), Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, MalaysiaAdvanced Lightning, Power and Energy Research Centre (ALPER), Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, MalaysiaHyrax Oil Sdn. Bhd., Lot 4937 Batu 51/2, Jalan Meru, Mukim Kapar, 41050 Klang, Selangor, MalaysiaThis paper presents an experimental study on the AC breakdown voltages of Refined, Bleached and Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) Olein and Coconut Oil (CO) in the presence of conductive (Iron (II,III) Oxide, Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>), semi-conductive (Copper (II) Oxide, CuO) and insulative (Aluminium Oxide, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) nanoparticles without and with surfactant. The type of surfactant used in this study was Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB). The volume concentrations range of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, CuO and Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> was varied from 0.001% to 0.05%. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) was used to characterize the nanoparticles in RBDPO and CO. AC breakdown voltage tests were carried out for RBDPO and CO of which the AC breakdown voltage at 1% probability was determined based on Weibull distribution. It is found that only Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> can improve the average AC breakdown voltage of RBDPO and CO. The AC breakdown voltages at 1% probability for RBDPO and CO can be improved through introduction of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, CuO and Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> at certain volume concentrations. Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> provides the highest enhancement of AC breakdown voltages at 1% probability for RBDPO and CO with the highest percentage of improvement can be up to 52%. CTAB has no clear effect on the improvement of AC breakdown voltages of RBDPO and CO based Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, CuO and Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> nanofluids.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/12/9/1605AC breakdown voltagerefined bleached and deodorized palm oilcoconut oilFe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>CuOAl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>nanofluids |
| spellingShingle | Nur Aqilah Mohamad Norhafiz Azis Jasronita Jasni Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir Robiah Yunus Zaini Yaakub Impact of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, CuO and Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> on the AC Breakdown Voltage of Palm Oil and Coconut Oil in the Presence of CTAB Energies AC breakdown voltage refined bleached and deodorized palm oil coconut oil Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> CuO Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> nanofluids |
| title | Impact of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, CuO and Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> on the AC Breakdown Voltage of Palm Oil and Coconut Oil in the Presence of CTAB |
| title_full | Impact of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, CuO and Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> on the AC Breakdown Voltage of Palm Oil and Coconut Oil in the Presence of CTAB |
| title_fullStr | Impact of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, CuO and Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> on the AC Breakdown Voltage of Palm Oil and Coconut Oil in the Presence of CTAB |
| title_full_unstemmed | Impact of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, CuO and Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> on the AC Breakdown Voltage of Palm Oil and Coconut Oil in the Presence of CTAB |
| title_short | Impact of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, CuO and Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> on the AC Breakdown Voltage of Palm Oil and Coconut Oil in the Presence of CTAB |
| title_sort | impact of fe sub 3 sub o sub 4 sub cuo and al sub 2 sub o sub 3 sub on the ac breakdown voltage of palm oil and coconut oil in the presence of ctab |
| topic | AC breakdown voltage refined bleached and deodorized palm oil coconut oil Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> CuO Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> nanofluids |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/12/9/1605 |
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