The Androgen Receptor and VEGF: Mechanisms of Androgen-Regulated Angiogenesis in Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer progression is controlled by the androgen receptor and new blood vessel formation, or angiogenesis, which promotes metastatic prostate cancer growth. Angiogenesis is induced by elevated expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). VEGF is regulated by many factors in the...
| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2017-04-01
|
| Series: | Cancers |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/9/4/32 |
| _version_ | 1797727498667032576 |
|---|---|
| author | Kurtis Eisermann Gail Fraizer |
| author_facet | Kurtis Eisermann Gail Fraizer |
| author_sort | Kurtis Eisermann |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Prostate cancer progression is controlled by the androgen receptor and new blood vessel formation, or angiogenesis, which promotes metastatic prostate cancer growth. Angiogenesis is induced by elevated expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). VEGF is regulated by many factors in the tumor microenvironment including lowered oxygen levels and elevated androgens. Here we review evidence delineating hormone mediated mechanisms of VEGF regulation, including novel interactions between the androgen receptor (AR), epigenetic and zinc-finger transcription factors, AR variants and the hypoxia factor, HIF-1. The relevance of describing the impact of both hormones and hypoxia on VEGF expression and angiogenesis is revealed in recent reports of clinical therapies targeting both VEGF and AR signaling pathways. A better understanding of the complexities of VEGF expression could lead to improved targeting and increased survival time for a subset of patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T11:00:36Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-7c827dc8efbe43c58998ec13de9580ca |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6694 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T11:00:36Z |
| publishDate | 2017-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Cancers |
| spelling | doaj.art-7c827dc8efbe43c58998ec13de9580ca2023-09-02T05:48:48ZengMDPI AGCancers2072-66942017-04-01943210.3390/cancers9040032cancers9040032The Androgen Receptor and VEGF: Mechanisms of Androgen-Regulated Angiogenesis in Prostate CancerKurtis Eisermann0Gail Fraizer1School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USADepartment of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USAProstate cancer progression is controlled by the androgen receptor and new blood vessel formation, or angiogenesis, which promotes metastatic prostate cancer growth. Angiogenesis is induced by elevated expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). VEGF is regulated by many factors in the tumor microenvironment including lowered oxygen levels and elevated androgens. Here we review evidence delineating hormone mediated mechanisms of VEGF regulation, including novel interactions between the androgen receptor (AR), epigenetic and zinc-finger transcription factors, AR variants and the hypoxia factor, HIF-1. The relevance of describing the impact of both hormones and hypoxia on VEGF expression and angiogenesis is revealed in recent reports of clinical therapies targeting both VEGF and AR signaling pathways. A better understanding of the complexities of VEGF expression could lead to improved targeting and increased survival time for a subset of patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/9/4/32androgen receptorARVEGFangiogenesishypoxiaprostate cancerCRPC |
| spellingShingle | Kurtis Eisermann Gail Fraizer The Androgen Receptor and VEGF: Mechanisms of Androgen-Regulated Angiogenesis in Prostate Cancer Cancers androgen receptor AR VEGF angiogenesis hypoxia prostate cancer CRPC |
| title | The Androgen Receptor and VEGF: Mechanisms of Androgen-Regulated Angiogenesis in Prostate Cancer |
| title_full | The Androgen Receptor and VEGF: Mechanisms of Androgen-Regulated Angiogenesis in Prostate Cancer |
| title_fullStr | The Androgen Receptor and VEGF: Mechanisms of Androgen-Regulated Angiogenesis in Prostate Cancer |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Androgen Receptor and VEGF: Mechanisms of Androgen-Regulated Angiogenesis in Prostate Cancer |
| title_short | The Androgen Receptor and VEGF: Mechanisms of Androgen-Regulated Angiogenesis in Prostate Cancer |
| title_sort | androgen receptor and vegf mechanisms of androgen regulated angiogenesis in prostate cancer |
| topic | androgen receptor AR VEGF angiogenesis hypoxia prostate cancer CRPC |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/9/4/32 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kurtiseisermann theandrogenreceptorandvegfmechanismsofandrogenregulatedangiogenesisinprostatecancer AT gailfraizer theandrogenreceptorandvegfmechanismsofandrogenregulatedangiogenesisinprostatecancer AT kurtiseisermann androgenreceptorandvegfmechanismsofandrogenregulatedangiogenesisinprostatecancer AT gailfraizer androgenreceptorandvegfmechanismsofandrogenregulatedangiogenesisinprostatecancer |