Deciphering the response of thirteen apple cultivars for growth, fruit morphology and fruit physico-chemical attributes during different years
Apple cultivation is one of the most significant means of subsistence in the Kashmir region of the northwestern Himalayas. It is considered as the backbone of the region's economy. Apple cultivation in the region is dominated by a late maturing cultivar “Red Delicious” which usually on maturity...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Elsevier
2023-06-01
|
| Series: | Heliyon |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844023044687 |
| _version_ | 1797799977254125568 |
|---|---|
| author | Mohammed Tauseef Ali Sheikh Mehraj Mohammad Saleem Mir Immad Ahmad Shah Zahoor Ahmad Shah Hamed A. El-Serehy Eajaz Ahmad Dar Arif Hussain Bhat Sartaj Ahmad Wani Uzma Fayaz Fahad A. Al-Misned Hesham M. Shafik |
| author_facet | Mohammed Tauseef Ali Sheikh Mehraj Mohammad Saleem Mir Immad Ahmad Shah Zahoor Ahmad Shah Hamed A. El-Serehy Eajaz Ahmad Dar Arif Hussain Bhat Sartaj Ahmad Wani Uzma Fayaz Fahad A. Al-Misned Hesham M. Shafik |
| author_sort | Mohammed Tauseef Ali |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Apple cultivation is one of the most significant means of subsistence in the Kashmir region of the northwestern Himalayas. It is considered as the backbone of the region's economy. Apple cultivation in the region is dominated by a late maturing cultivar “Red Delicious” which usually on maturity causes glut in the market. In order to bring new cultivars in the cultivation, and to expand the maturity season, it is necessary to evaluate the new cultivars on fruit physico-chemical attributes which ultimately decide the market rates before recommending to farmers for cultivars adoption. Therefore, the current study was carried out to evaluate thirteen apple cultivars on physico-chemical attributes over two years, 2017 and 2018 under agro-climatic conditions of Kashmir region The results revealed that cultivars differed significantly in terms of physico-chemical properties. Cultivars with the highest and lowest values for initial fruit set, fruit drop, final fruit retention, and fruit firmness in 2017 did not follow the same trend in 2018. During 2017 and 2018, cultivar Mollie's Delicious possessed the highest fruit length (72.39 mm and 81.45 mm), fruit diameter (81.18 mm and 84.14 mm), and fruit weight (205.85 g and 247.16 g), whereas cultivar Baleman's Cider had the lowest values (50.76 mm and 52.83 mm, 60.10 mm and 62.08 mm, and 71.46 g and 86.94 g), respectively. The harvesting dates were quite spread out during both years of study. Cultivar Mollie's Delicious was harvested the earliest in both years, on August 5th, 2017 and August 8th, 2018. Cultivar Fuji Zehn Aztec was the last cultivar harvested in 2017 on October 2 and in 2018 on October 5. The maximum number of seeds per fruit was noticed in the cultivar Mollie's Delicious (8.34 and 8.71) during both 2017 and 2018, respectively. Cultivar Starkrimson had the fewest seeds per fruit in 2017 (7.11) and 2018 (7.42). Cultivar Baleman's Cider had the highest acidity in 2017 (0.63%) and 2018 (0.52%). In both 2017 (0.25%) and 2018 (0.23%), the Adam's Pearmain cultivar was the least acidic. Cultivar Allington Pippin (16.13 °Brix) and Red Gold (16.73 °Brix) had the highest TSS in 2017 and 2018, respectively, whereas Vance Delicious (12.30 °Brix) and Top Red (10.78 °Brix) had the lowest TSS in 2017 and 2018, respectively. The cultivars Mollie's Delicious and Red Gold had the highest total sugars (11.33 and 11.40%) in 2017 and 2018, respectively. Cultivar Baleman's Cider had the lowest total sugars (9.82%) in 2017 while Top Red (9.78%) in 2018. The cultivar Vance Delicious had the highest ratio of leaves to fruits in 2017 (55.44) and for Shalimar Apple-2 in 2018 (49.65). In 2017, cultivars Fuji Zehn Aztec (29.26) and Silver Spur (24.51), had the fewest leaves per fruit. The highest leaf chlorophyll content was recorded in cultivar Shireen (3.50 and 3.57 mg g−1 fresh weight) during the years 2017 and 2018, respectively. Cultivar Baleman's Cider had the lowest leaf chlorophyll content (2.15 mg g−1 fresh weight) during 2017, while cultivar Allington Pippin (2.09 mg g−1 fresh weight) had the lowest leaf chlorophyll content in 2018. The cultivars Fuji Zehn Aztec, with a yield efficiency of 0.78 kg/cm2 and Silver Spur with a yield efficiency of 1.14 kg/cm2 were the most yield efficient during the years 2017 and 2018, respectively. Cultivar Shalimar Apple-2 was least performing with yield efficiencies of 0.05 and 0.07 kg/cm2 during 2017 and 2018, respectively.The findings suggest that cultivar Mollie's Delicious commercially matures first and has the highest fruit length, diameter, and weight; hence, it can be a good option for cultivation so as to fetch the maximum price in the market when other cultivars are still maturing. Shalimar Apple-2 is precluded for cultivation due to least yield efficiency, whereas cultivars Fuji Zehn Aztec and Silver Spur are recommended to farmers for their higher yield efficiency. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-13T04:27:56Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-7c95b259ac2049628c64f8b227b55997 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2405-8440 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-13T04:27:56Z |
| publishDate | 2023-06-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Heliyon |
| spelling | doaj.art-7c95b259ac2049628c64f8b227b559972023-06-20T04:20:10ZengElsevierHeliyon2405-84402023-06-0196e17260Deciphering the response of thirteen apple cultivars for growth, fruit morphology and fruit physico-chemical attributes during different yearsMohammed Tauseef Ali0Sheikh Mehraj1Mohammad Saleem Mir2Immad Ahmad Shah3Zahoor Ahmad Shah4Hamed A. El-Serehy5Eajaz Ahmad Dar6Arif Hussain Bhat7Sartaj Ahmad Wani8Uzma Fayaz9Fahad A. Al-Misned10Hesham M. Shafik11Division of Fruit Science, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, 190025, India; Corresponding author.Division of Fruit Science, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, 190025, IndiaDivision of Fruit Science, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, 190025, IndiaICMR- National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380016, IndiaDivision of Agricultural Extension and Communication, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, 190025, India; Corresponding author.Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi ArabiaKrishi Vigyan Kendra, Ganderbal, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir Shalimar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190025, IndiaDivision of Plant Pathology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, 190025, IndiaDivision of Soil Science, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, 190025, IndiaDivision of Plant Pathology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, 190025, IndiaDepartment of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi ArabiaHungarian Academy of Sciences, Limnoecology Research Group, University of Pannonia, Gyetem u. 10, H-8200, Veszprem, HungaryApple cultivation is one of the most significant means of subsistence in the Kashmir region of the northwestern Himalayas. It is considered as the backbone of the region's economy. Apple cultivation in the region is dominated by a late maturing cultivar “Red Delicious” which usually on maturity causes glut in the market. In order to bring new cultivars in the cultivation, and to expand the maturity season, it is necessary to evaluate the new cultivars on fruit physico-chemical attributes which ultimately decide the market rates before recommending to farmers for cultivars adoption. Therefore, the current study was carried out to evaluate thirteen apple cultivars on physico-chemical attributes over two years, 2017 and 2018 under agro-climatic conditions of Kashmir region The results revealed that cultivars differed significantly in terms of physico-chemical properties. Cultivars with the highest and lowest values for initial fruit set, fruit drop, final fruit retention, and fruit firmness in 2017 did not follow the same trend in 2018. During 2017 and 2018, cultivar Mollie's Delicious possessed the highest fruit length (72.39 mm and 81.45 mm), fruit diameter (81.18 mm and 84.14 mm), and fruit weight (205.85 g and 247.16 g), whereas cultivar Baleman's Cider had the lowest values (50.76 mm and 52.83 mm, 60.10 mm and 62.08 mm, and 71.46 g and 86.94 g), respectively. The harvesting dates were quite spread out during both years of study. Cultivar Mollie's Delicious was harvested the earliest in both years, on August 5th, 2017 and August 8th, 2018. Cultivar Fuji Zehn Aztec was the last cultivar harvested in 2017 on October 2 and in 2018 on October 5. The maximum number of seeds per fruit was noticed in the cultivar Mollie's Delicious (8.34 and 8.71) during both 2017 and 2018, respectively. Cultivar Starkrimson had the fewest seeds per fruit in 2017 (7.11) and 2018 (7.42). Cultivar Baleman's Cider had the highest acidity in 2017 (0.63%) and 2018 (0.52%). In both 2017 (0.25%) and 2018 (0.23%), the Adam's Pearmain cultivar was the least acidic. Cultivar Allington Pippin (16.13 °Brix) and Red Gold (16.73 °Brix) had the highest TSS in 2017 and 2018, respectively, whereas Vance Delicious (12.30 °Brix) and Top Red (10.78 °Brix) had the lowest TSS in 2017 and 2018, respectively. The cultivars Mollie's Delicious and Red Gold had the highest total sugars (11.33 and 11.40%) in 2017 and 2018, respectively. Cultivar Baleman's Cider had the lowest total sugars (9.82%) in 2017 while Top Red (9.78%) in 2018. The cultivar Vance Delicious had the highest ratio of leaves to fruits in 2017 (55.44) and for Shalimar Apple-2 in 2018 (49.65). In 2017, cultivars Fuji Zehn Aztec (29.26) and Silver Spur (24.51), had the fewest leaves per fruit. The highest leaf chlorophyll content was recorded in cultivar Shireen (3.50 and 3.57 mg g−1 fresh weight) during the years 2017 and 2018, respectively. Cultivar Baleman's Cider had the lowest leaf chlorophyll content (2.15 mg g−1 fresh weight) during 2017, while cultivar Allington Pippin (2.09 mg g−1 fresh weight) had the lowest leaf chlorophyll content in 2018. The cultivars Fuji Zehn Aztec, with a yield efficiency of 0.78 kg/cm2 and Silver Spur with a yield efficiency of 1.14 kg/cm2 were the most yield efficient during the years 2017 and 2018, respectively. Cultivar Shalimar Apple-2 was least performing with yield efficiencies of 0.05 and 0.07 kg/cm2 during 2017 and 2018, respectively.The findings suggest that cultivar Mollie's Delicious commercially matures first and has the highest fruit length, diameter, and weight; hence, it can be a good option for cultivation so as to fetch the maximum price in the market when other cultivars are still maturing. Shalimar Apple-2 is precluded for cultivation due to least yield efficiency, whereas cultivars Fuji Zehn Aztec and Silver Spur are recommended to farmers for their higher yield efficiency.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844023044687Malus × domesticaKashmirLengthWeightSugarsColour |
| spellingShingle | Mohammed Tauseef Ali Sheikh Mehraj Mohammad Saleem Mir Immad Ahmad Shah Zahoor Ahmad Shah Hamed A. El-Serehy Eajaz Ahmad Dar Arif Hussain Bhat Sartaj Ahmad Wani Uzma Fayaz Fahad A. Al-Misned Hesham M. Shafik Deciphering the response of thirteen apple cultivars for growth, fruit morphology and fruit physico-chemical attributes during different years Heliyon Malus × domestica Kashmir Length Weight Sugars Colour |
| title | Deciphering the response of thirteen apple cultivars for growth, fruit morphology and fruit physico-chemical attributes during different years |
| title_full | Deciphering the response of thirteen apple cultivars for growth, fruit morphology and fruit physico-chemical attributes during different years |
| title_fullStr | Deciphering the response of thirteen apple cultivars for growth, fruit morphology and fruit physico-chemical attributes during different years |
| title_full_unstemmed | Deciphering the response of thirteen apple cultivars for growth, fruit morphology and fruit physico-chemical attributes during different years |
| title_short | Deciphering the response of thirteen apple cultivars for growth, fruit morphology and fruit physico-chemical attributes during different years |
| title_sort | deciphering the response of thirteen apple cultivars for growth fruit morphology and fruit physico chemical attributes during different years |
| topic | Malus × domestica Kashmir Length Weight Sugars Colour |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844023044687 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mohammedtauseefali decipheringtheresponseofthirteenapplecultivarsforgrowthfruitmorphologyandfruitphysicochemicalattributesduringdifferentyears AT sheikhmehraj decipheringtheresponseofthirteenapplecultivarsforgrowthfruitmorphologyandfruitphysicochemicalattributesduringdifferentyears AT mohammadsaleemmir decipheringtheresponseofthirteenapplecultivarsforgrowthfruitmorphologyandfruitphysicochemicalattributesduringdifferentyears AT immadahmadshah decipheringtheresponseofthirteenapplecultivarsforgrowthfruitmorphologyandfruitphysicochemicalattributesduringdifferentyears AT zahoorahmadshah decipheringtheresponseofthirteenapplecultivarsforgrowthfruitmorphologyandfruitphysicochemicalattributesduringdifferentyears AT hamedaelserehy decipheringtheresponseofthirteenapplecultivarsforgrowthfruitmorphologyandfruitphysicochemicalattributesduringdifferentyears AT eajazahmaddar decipheringtheresponseofthirteenapplecultivarsforgrowthfruitmorphologyandfruitphysicochemicalattributesduringdifferentyears AT arifhussainbhat decipheringtheresponseofthirteenapplecultivarsforgrowthfruitmorphologyandfruitphysicochemicalattributesduringdifferentyears AT sartajahmadwani decipheringtheresponseofthirteenapplecultivarsforgrowthfruitmorphologyandfruitphysicochemicalattributesduringdifferentyears AT uzmafayaz decipheringtheresponseofthirteenapplecultivarsforgrowthfruitmorphologyandfruitphysicochemicalattributesduringdifferentyears AT fahadaalmisned decipheringtheresponseofthirteenapplecultivarsforgrowthfruitmorphologyandfruitphysicochemicalattributesduringdifferentyears AT heshammshafik decipheringtheresponseofthirteenapplecultivarsforgrowthfruitmorphologyandfruitphysicochemicalattributesduringdifferentyears |