Laser Surface Modification of TC21 (α/β) Titanium Alloy Using a Direct Energy Deposition (DED) Process
The TC21 alloy (Ti-6Al-3Mo-1.9Nb-2.2Sn-2.2Zr-1.5Cr) is considered a new titanium alloy that replaced the commercial Ti-6Al-4V alloy in aerospace applications due to its higher operating temperatures. Recently, direct energy deposition was usually applied to enhance the hardness, tribological propert...
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MDPI AG
2021-06-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/12/7/739 |
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| author | Ahmed Magdi Elshazli Ramadan N. Elshaer Abdel Hamid Ahmed Hussein Samar Reda Al-Sayed |
| author_facet | Ahmed Magdi Elshazli Ramadan N. Elshaer Abdel Hamid Ahmed Hussein Samar Reda Al-Sayed |
| author_sort | Ahmed Magdi Elshazli |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The TC21 alloy (Ti-6Al-3Mo-1.9Nb-2.2Sn-2.2Zr-1.5Cr) is considered a new titanium alloy that replaced the commercial Ti-6Al-4V alloy in aerospace applications due to its higher operating temperatures. Recently, direct energy deposition was usually applied to enhance the hardness, tribological properties, and corrosion resistance for many alloys. Consequently, this study was performed by utilizing direct energy deposition (DED) on TC21 (α/β) titanium alloy to improve their mechanical properties by depositing a mixture powder of stellite-6 (Co-based alloy) and tungsten carbides particles (WC). Different WC percentages were applied to the surfaces of TC21 using a 4 kW continuous-wave fiber-coupled diode laser at a constant powder feeding rate. This study aimed to obtain a uniform distribution of hard surfaces containing undissolved WC particles that were dispersed in a Co-based alloy matrix to enhance the wear resistance of such alloys. Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) were used to characterize the deposited layers. New constituents and intermetallic compounds were found in the deposited layers. The microhardness was measured for all deposited layers and wear resistance was evaluated at room temperature using a dry sliding ball during a disk abrasion test. The results showed that the microstructure of the deposited layer consisted of a hypereutectic structure and undissolved tungsten carbide dispersed in the matrix of the Co-based alloy that depended on the WC weight fraction. The microhardness values increased with increasing WC weight fraction in the deposited powder by more than threefold as compared with the as-cast samples. A notable enhancement of wear resistance of the deposited layers was thus achieved. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:06:39Z |
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| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:06:39Z |
| publishDate | 2021-06-01 |
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| series | Micromachines |
| spelling | doaj.art-7cb712861e18451e904c6ca9dea9c5bc2023-11-22T01:31:23ZengMDPI AGMicromachines2072-666X2021-06-0112773910.3390/mi12070739Laser Surface Modification of TC21 (α/β) Titanium Alloy Using a Direct Energy Deposition (DED) ProcessAhmed Magdi Elshazli0Ramadan N. Elshaer1Abdel Hamid Ahmed Hussein2Samar Reda Al-Sayed3Department of Engineering Applications of Laser, National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences (NILES), Cairo University, Giza 12611, EgyptDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Tabbin Institute for Metallurgical Studies (TIMS), Cairo-Egypt, Helwan 11731, EgyptDepartment of Metallurgy, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza 12611, EgyptDepartment of Engineering Applications of Laser, National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences (NILES), Cairo University, Giza 12611, EgyptThe TC21 alloy (Ti-6Al-3Mo-1.9Nb-2.2Sn-2.2Zr-1.5Cr) is considered a new titanium alloy that replaced the commercial Ti-6Al-4V alloy in aerospace applications due to its higher operating temperatures. Recently, direct energy deposition was usually applied to enhance the hardness, tribological properties, and corrosion resistance for many alloys. Consequently, this study was performed by utilizing direct energy deposition (DED) on TC21 (α/β) titanium alloy to improve their mechanical properties by depositing a mixture powder of stellite-6 (Co-based alloy) and tungsten carbides particles (WC). Different WC percentages were applied to the surfaces of TC21 using a 4 kW continuous-wave fiber-coupled diode laser at a constant powder feeding rate. This study aimed to obtain a uniform distribution of hard surfaces containing undissolved WC particles that were dispersed in a Co-based alloy matrix to enhance the wear resistance of such alloys. Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) were used to characterize the deposited layers. New constituents and intermetallic compounds were found in the deposited layers. The microhardness was measured for all deposited layers and wear resistance was evaluated at room temperature using a dry sliding ball during a disk abrasion test. The results showed that the microstructure of the deposited layer consisted of a hypereutectic structure and undissolved tungsten carbide dispersed in the matrix of the Co-based alloy that depended on the WC weight fraction. The microhardness values increased with increasing WC weight fraction in the deposited powder by more than threefold as compared with the as-cast samples. A notable enhancement of wear resistance of the deposited layers was thus achieved.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/12/7/739TC21 titanium alloydirect energy deposition (DED)microstructurestellite-6tungsten carbides particles (WC)microhardness |
| spellingShingle | Ahmed Magdi Elshazli Ramadan N. Elshaer Abdel Hamid Ahmed Hussein Samar Reda Al-Sayed Laser Surface Modification of TC21 (α/β) Titanium Alloy Using a Direct Energy Deposition (DED) Process Micromachines TC21 titanium alloy direct energy deposition (DED) microstructure stellite-6 tungsten carbides particles (WC) microhardness |
| title | Laser Surface Modification of TC21 (α/β) Titanium Alloy Using a Direct Energy Deposition (DED) Process |
| title_full | Laser Surface Modification of TC21 (α/β) Titanium Alloy Using a Direct Energy Deposition (DED) Process |
| title_fullStr | Laser Surface Modification of TC21 (α/β) Titanium Alloy Using a Direct Energy Deposition (DED) Process |
| title_full_unstemmed | Laser Surface Modification of TC21 (α/β) Titanium Alloy Using a Direct Energy Deposition (DED) Process |
| title_short | Laser Surface Modification of TC21 (α/β) Titanium Alloy Using a Direct Energy Deposition (DED) Process |
| title_sort | laser surface modification of tc21 α β titanium alloy using a direct energy deposition ded process |
| topic | TC21 titanium alloy direct energy deposition (DED) microstructure stellite-6 tungsten carbides particles (WC) microhardness |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/12/7/739 |
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