Advanced Chemophenetic Analysis of Essential Oil from Leaves of <i>Piper gaudichaudianum</i> Kunth (Piperaceae) Using a New Reduction-Oxidation Index to Explore Seasonal and Circadian Rhythms
The aromatic species <i>Piper gaudichaudianum</i> Kunth (Piperaceae) is widely used in Brazil for medicinal and ritualistic applications. In the current study, chemophenetic patterns were realized across season and circadian rhythm based on the chemical profile of essential oils (EOs) fr...
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MDPI AG
2021-10-01
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| Series: | Plants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/10/2116 |
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| author | Ygor Jessé Ramos Claudete da Costa-Oliveira Irene Candido-Fonseca George Azevedo de Queiroz Elsie Franklin Guimarães Anna C. Antunes e Defaveri Nicholas John Sadgrove Davyson de Lima Moreira |
| author_facet | Ygor Jessé Ramos Claudete da Costa-Oliveira Irene Candido-Fonseca George Azevedo de Queiroz Elsie Franklin Guimarães Anna C. Antunes e Defaveri Nicholas John Sadgrove Davyson de Lima Moreira |
| author_sort | Ygor Jessé Ramos |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The aromatic species <i>Piper gaudichaudianum</i> Kunth (Piperaceae) is widely used in Brazil for medicinal and ritualistic applications. In the current study, chemophenetic patterns were realized across season and circadian rhythm based on the chemical profile of essential oils (EOs) from leaves. Hydrodistilled essential oils were analyzed by GC-MS and GC-FID, and a new calculation of metabolite oxidation level, averaged for each individual molecule component of the EO, was used to explore the patterns of metabolism/biosynthesis. This new index used an intermediate calculation, the ‘weighted average redox standard’ (S<sub>RO</sub>), to enable a value for mixtures of metabolites to be generated, the ‘general mixture redox index’ (GM<sub>OR</sub>). The indices were subjected to a proof-of-concept approach by making comparison to outcomes from multivariate analyses, i.e., PCA and HCA. Chemical analysis demonstrated that the essential oils were dominated by sesquiterpenes, constructed of 15 classes of compound (C-skeletons), and 4 C-skeletons were recognized in the monoterpene group, giving a total of 19. The variation of chemical profiles was distinct at different phenological stages, but stronger chemical variation was evident between day and night as compared to season. Furthermore, due to comprehensive sampling across different regions, nine chemotypes were recognized, including those previously reported. The S<sub>RO</sub> and GM<sub>RO</sub> indices demonstrate that phenological variation of chemistry is mainly an outcome of redox fluctuations in terpene biosynthesis, changing from day to night. These indices also corroborate that chemical diversity is increased with oxidative metabolism. Lastly, the current study demonstrates pronounced phenotypic plasticity in <i>P. gaudichaudianum</i>, which makes it a suitable candidate to help further our understanding of chemophenetics and chemical ecology. |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2223-7747 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:15:20Z |
| publishDate | 2021-10-01 |
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| series | Plants |
| spelling | doaj.art-7ccacd60f9d5409eb8e706d10f2617722023-11-22T19:44:02ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472021-10-011010211610.3390/plants10102116Advanced Chemophenetic Analysis of Essential Oil from Leaves of <i>Piper gaudichaudianum</i> Kunth (Piperaceae) Using a New Reduction-Oxidation Index to Explore Seasonal and Circadian RhythmsYgor Jessé Ramos0Claudete da Costa-Oliveira1Irene Candido-Fonseca2George Azevedo de Queiroz3Elsie Franklin Guimarães4Anna C. Antunes e Defaveri5Nicholas John Sadgrove6Davyson de Lima Moreira7Instituto de Biologia, Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro 20550-013, BrazilFundação Oswaldo Cruz, Farmanguinhos, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, BrazilFundação Oswaldo Cruz, Farmanguinhos, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, BrazilCentro de Responsabilidade Socioambiental do Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Jardim Botânico, Rio de Janeiro 22460-030, BrazilDiretoria de Pesquisa do Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Jardim Botânico, Rio de Janeiro 22460-030, BrazilCentro de Responsabilidade Socioambiental do Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Jardim Botânico, Rio de Janeiro 22460-030, BrazilJodrell Science Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond TW9 3DS, UKInstituto de Biologia, Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro 20550-013, BrazilThe aromatic species <i>Piper gaudichaudianum</i> Kunth (Piperaceae) is widely used in Brazil for medicinal and ritualistic applications. In the current study, chemophenetic patterns were realized across season and circadian rhythm based on the chemical profile of essential oils (EOs) from leaves. Hydrodistilled essential oils were analyzed by GC-MS and GC-FID, and a new calculation of metabolite oxidation level, averaged for each individual molecule component of the EO, was used to explore the patterns of metabolism/biosynthesis. This new index used an intermediate calculation, the ‘weighted average redox standard’ (S<sub>RO</sub>), to enable a value for mixtures of metabolites to be generated, the ‘general mixture redox index’ (GM<sub>OR</sub>). The indices were subjected to a proof-of-concept approach by making comparison to outcomes from multivariate analyses, i.e., PCA and HCA. Chemical analysis demonstrated that the essential oils were dominated by sesquiterpenes, constructed of 15 classes of compound (C-skeletons), and 4 C-skeletons were recognized in the monoterpene group, giving a total of 19. The variation of chemical profiles was distinct at different phenological stages, but stronger chemical variation was evident between day and night as compared to season. Furthermore, due to comprehensive sampling across different regions, nine chemotypes were recognized, including those previously reported. The S<sub>RO</sub> and GM<sub>RO</sub> indices demonstrate that phenological variation of chemistry is mainly an outcome of redox fluctuations in terpene biosynthesis, changing from day to night. These indices also corroborate that chemical diversity is increased with oxidative metabolism. Lastly, the current study demonstrates pronounced phenotypic plasticity in <i>P. gaudichaudianum</i>, which makes it a suitable candidate to help further our understanding of chemophenetics and chemical ecology.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/10/2116<i>Piper</i>medicinal plantterpenoidschemodiversitychemophenetic |
| spellingShingle | Ygor Jessé Ramos Claudete da Costa-Oliveira Irene Candido-Fonseca George Azevedo de Queiroz Elsie Franklin Guimarães Anna C. Antunes e Defaveri Nicholas John Sadgrove Davyson de Lima Moreira Advanced Chemophenetic Analysis of Essential Oil from Leaves of <i>Piper gaudichaudianum</i> Kunth (Piperaceae) Using a New Reduction-Oxidation Index to Explore Seasonal and Circadian Rhythms Plants <i>Piper</i> medicinal plant terpenoids chemodiversity chemophenetic |
| title | Advanced Chemophenetic Analysis of Essential Oil from Leaves of <i>Piper gaudichaudianum</i> Kunth (Piperaceae) Using a New Reduction-Oxidation Index to Explore Seasonal and Circadian Rhythms |
| title_full | Advanced Chemophenetic Analysis of Essential Oil from Leaves of <i>Piper gaudichaudianum</i> Kunth (Piperaceae) Using a New Reduction-Oxidation Index to Explore Seasonal and Circadian Rhythms |
| title_fullStr | Advanced Chemophenetic Analysis of Essential Oil from Leaves of <i>Piper gaudichaudianum</i> Kunth (Piperaceae) Using a New Reduction-Oxidation Index to Explore Seasonal and Circadian Rhythms |
| title_full_unstemmed | Advanced Chemophenetic Analysis of Essential Oil from Leaves of <i>Piper gaudichaudianum</i> Kunth (Piperaceae) Using a New Reduction-Oxidation Index to Explore Seasonal and Circadian Rhythms |
| title_short | Advanced Chemophenetic Analysis of Essential Oil from Leaves of <i>Piper gaudichaudianum</i> Kunth (Piperaceae) Using a New Reduction-Oxidation Index to Explore Seasonal and Circadian Rhythms |
| title_sort | advanced chemophenetic analysis of essential oil from leaves of i piper gaudichaudianum i kunth piperaceae using a new reduction oxidation index to explore seasonal and circadian rhythms |
| topic | <i>Piper</i> medicinal plant terpenoids chemodiversity chemophenetic |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/10/2116 |
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