A New Conformal Penetrating Heating Strategy for Atherosclerotic Plaque
(1) Background: A combination of radiofrequency (RF) volumetric heating and convection cooling has been proposed to realize plaque ablation while protecting the endothelial layer. However, the depth of the plaque and the thickness of the endothelial layer vary in different atherosclerotic lesions. C...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Bioengineering |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/10/2/162 |
| _version_ | 1797622287205138432 |
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| author | Hongying Wang Shiqing Zhao Jincheng Zou Aili Zhang |
| author_facet | Hongying Wang Shiqing Zhao Jincheng Zou Aili Zhang |
| author_sort | Hongying Wang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | (1) Background: A combination of radiofrequency (RF) volumetric heating and convection cooling has been proposed to realize plaque ablation while protecting the endothelial layer. However, the depth of the plaque and the thickness of the endothelial layer vary in different atherosclerotic lesions. Current techniques cannot be used to achieve penetrating heating for atherosclerosis with two targets (the specified protection depth and the ablation depth). (2) Methods: A tissue-mimicking phantom heating experiment simulating atherosclerotic plaque ablation was conducted to investigate the effects of the control parameters, the target temperature (<i>T<sub>target</sub></i>), the cooling water temperature (<i>T<sub>f</sub>),</i> and the cooling water velocity (<i>V<sub>f</sub></i>). To further quantitatively analyze and evaluate the ablation depth and the protection depth of the control parameters, a three-dimensional model was established. In addition, a conformal penetrating heating strategy was proposed based on the numerical results. (3) Results: It was found that <i>T<sub>target</sub></i> and <i>T<sub>f</sub></i> were factors that regulated the ablation results, and the temperatures of the plaques varied linearly with <i>T<sub>target</sub></i> or <i>T<sub>f</sub></i>. The simulation results showed that the ablation depth increased with the <i>T<sub>target</sub></i> while the protection depth decreased correspondently. This relationship reversed with the <i>T<sub>f</sub></i>. When the two parameters <i>T<sub>target</sub></i> and <i>T<sub>f</sub></i>were controlled together, the ablation depth was 0.47 mm–1.43 mm and the protection depth was 0 mm–0.26 mm within 2 min of heating. (4) Conclusions: With the proposed control algorithm, the requirements of both the ablation depth and the endothelium protection depth can be met for most plaques through the simultaneous control of <i>T<sub>target</sub></i> and <i>T<sub>f</sub></i>. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T09:09:07Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2306-5354 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T09:09:07Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Bioengineering |
| spelling | doaj.art-7cd9b04cf5834359876bb416ae5e24232023-11-16T19:10:29ZengMDPI AGBioengineering2306-53542023-01-0110216210.3390/bioengineering10020162A New Conformal Penetrating Heating Strategy for Atherosclerotic PlaqueHongying Wang0Shiqing Zhao1Jincheng Zou2Aili Zhang3School of Biomedical Engineering, 400 Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, ChinaSchool of Biomedical Engineering, 400 Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, ChinaSchool of Biomedical Engineering, 400 Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, ChinaSchool of Biomedical Engineering, 400 Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China(1) Background: A combination of radiofrequency (RF) volumetric heating and convection cooling has been proposed to realize plaque ablation while protecting the endothelial layer. However, the depth of the plaque and the thickness of the endothelial layer vary in different atherosclerotic lesions. Current techniques cannot be used to achieve penetrating heating for atherosclerosis with two targets (the specified protection depth and the ablation depth). (2) Methods: A tissue-mimicking phantom heating experiment simulating atherosclerotic plaque ablation was conducted to investigate the effects of the control parameters, the target temperature (<i>T<sub>target</sub></i>), the cooling water temperature (<i>T<sub>f</sub>),</i> and the cooling water velocity (<i>V<sub>f</sub></i>). To further quantitatively analyze and evaluate the ablation depth and the protection depth of the control parameters, a three-dimensional model was established. In addition, a conformal penetrating heating strategy was proposed based on the numerical results. (3) Results: It was found that <i>T<sub>target</sub></i> and <i>T<sub>f</sub></i> were factors that regulated the ablation results, and the temperatures of the plaques varied linearly with <i>T<sub>target</sub></i> or <i>T<sub>f</sub></i>. The simulation results showed that the ablation depth increased with the <i>T<sub>target</sub></i> while the protection depth decreased correspondently. This relationship reversed with the <i>T<sub>f</sub></i>. When the two parameters <i>T<sub>target</sub></i> and <i>T<sub>f</sub></i>were controlled together, the ablation depth was 0.47 mm–1.43 mm and the protection depth was 0 mm–0.26 mm within 2 min of heating. (4) Conclusions: With the proposed control algorithm, the requirements of both the ablation depth and the endothelium protection depth can be met for most plaques through the simultaneous control of <i>T<sub>target</sub></i> and <i>T<sub>f</sub></i>.https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/10/2/162atherosclerosisradiofrequency volumetric heatingconvection coolingbidirectional ablationprecise thermal treatment |
| spellingShingle | Hongying Wang Shiqing Zhao Jincheng Zou Aili Zhang A New Conformal Penetrating Heating Strategy for Atherosclerotic Plaque Bioengineering atherosclerosis radiofrequency volumetric heating convection cooling bidirectional ablation precise thermal treatment |
| title | A New Conformal Penetrating Heating Strategy for Atherosclerotic Plaque |
| title_full | A New Conformal Penetrating Heating Strategy for Atherosclerotic Plaque |
| title_fullStr | A New Conformal Penetrating Heating Strategy for Atherosclerotic Plaque |
| title_full_unstemmed | A New Conformal Penetrating Heating Strategy for Atherosclerotic Plaque |
| title_short | A New Conformal Penetrating Heating Strategy for Atherosclerotic Plaque |
| title_sort | new conformal penetrating heating strategy for atherosclerotic plaque |
| topic | atherosclerosis radiofrequency volumetric heating convection cooling bidirectional ablation precise thermal treatment |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/10/2/162 |
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