A New Remote Sensing Method to Estimate River to Ocean DOC Flux in Peatland Dominated Sarawak Coastal Regions, Borneo
We present a new remote sensing based method to estimate dissolved organic carbon (DOC) flux discharged from rivers into coastal waters off the Sarawak region in Borneo. This method comprises three steps. In the first step, we developed an algorithm for estimating DOC concentrations using the ratio...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2020-10-01
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| Series: | Remote Sensing |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/20/3380 |
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| author | Sim ChunHock Nagur Cherukuru Aazani Mujahid Patrick Martin Nivedita Sanwlani Thorsten Warneke Tim Rixen Justus Notholt Moritz Müller |
| author_facet | Sim ChunHock Nagur Cherukuru Aazani Mujahid Patrick Martin Nivedita Sanwlani Thorsten Warneke Tim Rixen Justus Notholt Moritz Müller |
| author_sort | Sim ChunHock |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | We present a new remote sensing based method to estimate dissolved organic carbon (DOC) flux discharged from rivers into coastal waters off the Sarawak region in Borneo. This method comprises three steps. In the first step, we developed an algorithm for estimating DOC concentrations using the ratio of Landsat-8 Red to Green bands B4/B3 (DOC (<i>μ</i>M C) = 89.86 <inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo>·</mo><msup><mi>e</mi><mrow><mn>0.27</mn><mo>·</mo><mo>(</mo><mi>B</mi><mn>4</mn><mo>/</mo><mi>B</mi><mn>3</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>), which showed good correlation (R = 0.88) and low mean relative error (+5.71%) between measured and predicted DOC. In the second step, we used TRMM Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) precipitation data to estimate river discharge for the river basins. In the final step, DOC flux for each river catchment was then estimated by combining Landsat-8 derived DOC concentrations and TMPA derived river discharge. The analysis of remote sensing derived DOC flux (April 2013 to December 2018) shows that Sarawak coastal waters off the Rajang river basin, received the highest DOC flux (72% of total) with an average of 168 Gg C per year in our study area, has seasonal variability. The whole of Sarawak represents about 0.1% of the global annual riverine and estuarine DOC flux. The results presented in this study demonstrate the ability to estimate DOC flux using satellite remotely sensed observations. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T15:35:36Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T15:35:36Z |
| publishDate | 2020-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj.art-7cfcc13def884b7c95c30d2ec097c2242023-11-20T17:18:25ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922020-10-011220338010.3390/rs12203380A New Remote Sensing Method to Estimate River to Ocean DOC Flux in Peatland Dominated Sarawak Coastal Regions, BorneoSim ChunHock0Nagur Cherukuru1Aazani Mujahid2Patrick Martin3Nivedita Sanwlani4Thorsten Warneke5Tim Rixen6Justus Notholt7Moritz Müller8Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Kuching 93350, Sarawak, MalaysiaCSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra ACT 2601, AustraliaFaculty of Resource Science & Technology, University Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan 94300, Sarawak, MalaysiaAsian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, SingaporeAsian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, SingaporeInstitute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, Otto-Hahn-Allee 1, 28359 Bremen, GermanyLeibniz Center for Tropical Marine Research, Fahrenheitstr. 6, 28359 Bremen, GermanyInstitute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, Otto-Hahn-Allee 1, 28359 Bremen, GermanyFaculty of Engineering, Computing and Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Kuching 93350, Sarawak, MalaysiaWe present a new remote sensing based method to estimate dissolved organic carbon (DOC) flux discharged from rivers into coastal waters off the Sarawak region in Borneo. This method comprises three steps. In the first step, we developed an algorithm for estimating DOC concentrations using the ratio of Landsat-8 Red to Green bands B4/B3 (DOC (<i>μ</i>M C) = 89.86 <inline-formula><math display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo>·</mo><msup><mi>e</mi><mrow><mn>0.27</mn><mo>·</mo><mo>(</mo><mi>B</mi><mn>4</mn><mo>/</mo><mi>B</mi><mn>3</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>), which showed good correlation (R = 0.88) and low mean relative error (+5.71%) between measured and predicted DOC. In the second step, we used TRMM Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) precipitation data to estimate river discharge for the river basins. In the final step, DOC flux for each river catchment was then estimated by combining Landsat-8 derived DOC concentrations and TMPA derived river discharge. The analysis of remote sensing derived DOC flux (April 2013 to December 2018) shows that Sarawak coastal waters off the Rajang river basin, received the highest DOC flux (72% of total) with an average of 168 Gg C per year in our study area, has seasonal variability. The whole of Sarawak represents about 0.1% of the global annual riverine and estuarine DOC flux. The results presented in this study demonstrate the ability to estimate DOC flux using satellite remotely sensed observations.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/20/3380DOC fluxLandsat-8TMPAtropical coastal waters |
| spellingShingle | Sim ChunHock Nagur Cherukuru Aazani Mujahid Patrick Martin Nivedita Sanwlani Thorsten Warneke Tim Rixen Justus Notholt Moritz Müller A New Remote Sensing Method to Estimate River to Ocean DOC Flux in Peatland Dominated Sarawak Coastal Regions, Borneo Remote Sensing DOC flux Landsat-8 TMPA tropical coastal waters |
| title | A New Remote Sensing Method to Estimate River to Ocean DOC Flux in Peatland Dominated Sarawak Coastal Regions, Borneo |
| title_full | A New Remote Sensing Method to Estimate River to Ocean DOC Flux in Peatland Dominated Sarawak Coastal Regions, Borneo |
| title_fullStr | A New Remote Sensing Method to Estimate River to Ocean DOC Flux in Peatland Dominated Sarawak Coastal Regions, Borneo |
| title_full_unstemmed | A New Remote Sensing Method to Estimate River to Ocean DOC Flux in Peatland Dominated Sarawak Coastal Regions, Borneo |
| title_short | A New Remote Sensing Method to Estimate River to Ocean DOC Flux in Peatland Dominated Sarawak Coastal Regions, Borneo |
| title_sort | new remote sensing method to estimate river to ocean doc flux in peatland dominated sarawak coastal regions borneo |
| topic | DOC flux Landsat-8 TMPA tropical coastal waters |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/20/3380 |
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