Locomotion Mode Transition Prediction Based on Gait-Event Identification Using Wearable Sensors and Multilayer Perceptrons
People walk on different types of terrain daily; for instance, level-ground walking, ramp and stair ascent and descent, and stepping over obstacles are common activities in daily life. Movement patterns change as people move from one terrain to another. The prediction of transitions between locomoti...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-11-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/22/7473 |
| _version_ | 1827675442372411392 |
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| author | Binbin Su Yi-Xing Liu Elena M. Gutierrez-Farewik |
| author_facet | Binbin Su Yi-Xing Liu Elena M. Gutierrez-Farewik |
| author_sort | Binbin Su |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | People walk on different types of terrain daily; for instance, level-ground walking, ramp and stair ascent and descent, and stepping over obstacles are common activities in daily life. Movement patterns change as people move from one terrain to another. The prediction of transitions between locomotion modes is important for developing assistive devices, such as exoskeletons, as the optimal assistive strategies may differ for different locomotion modes. The prediction of locomotion mode transitions is often accompanied by gait-event detection that provides important information during locomotion about critical events, such as foot contact (FC) and toe off (TO). In this study, we introduce a method to integrate locomotion mode prediction and gait-event identification into one machine learning framework, comprised of two multilayer perceptrons (MLP). Input features to the framework were from fused data from wearable sensors—specifically, electromyography sensors and inertial measurement units. The first MLP successfully identified FC and TO, FC events were identified accurately, and a small number of misclassifications only occurred near TO events. A small time difference (2.5 ms and −5.3 ms for FC and TO, respectively) was found between predicted and true gait events. The second MLP correctly identified walking, ramp ascent, and ramp descent transitions with the best aggregate accuracy of 96.3%, 90.1%, and 90.6%, respectively, with sufficient prediction time prior to the critical events. The models in this study demonstrate high accuracy in predicting transitions between different locomotion modes in the same side’s mid- to late stance of the stride prior to the step into the new mode using data from EMG and IMU sensors. Our results may help assistive devices achieve smooth and seamless transitions in different locomotion modes for those with motor disorders. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:05:03Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-7d35c8acd13d43da8a93504bd5d9e469 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:05:03Z |
| publishDate | 2021-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-7d35c8acd13d43da8a93504bd5d9e4692023-11-23T01:23:52ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202021-11-012122747310.3390/s21227473Locomotion Mode Transition Prediction Based on Gait-Event Identification Using Wearable Sensors and Multilayer PerceptronsBinbin Su0Yi-Xing Liu1Elena M. Gutierrez-Farewik2KTH MoveAbility Lab, Department of Engineering Mechanics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, SwedenKTH MoveAbility Lab, Department of Engineering Mechanics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, SwedenKTH MoveAbility Lab, Department of Engineering Mechanics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, SwedenPeople walk on different types of terrain daily; for instance, level-ground walking, ramp and stair ascent and descent, and stepping over obstacles are common activities in daily life. Movement patterns change as people move from one terrain to another. The prediction of transitions between locomotion modes is important for developing assistive devices, such as exoskeletons, as the optimal assistive strategies may differ for different locomotion modes. The prediction of locomotion mode transitions is often accompanied by gait-event detection that provides important information during locomotion about critical events, such as foot contact (FC) and toe off (TO). In this study, we introduce a method to integrate locomotion mode prediction and gait-event identification into one machine learning framework, comprised of two multilayer perceptrons (MLP). Input features to the framework were from fused data from wearable sensors—specifically, electromyography sensors and inertial measurement units. The first MLP successfully identified FC and TO, FC events were identified accurately, and a small number of misclassifications only occurred near TO events. A small time difference (2.5 ms and −5.3 ms for FC and TO, respectively) was found between predicted and true gait events. The second MLP correctly identified walking, ramp ascent, and ramp descent transitions with the best aggregate accuracy of 96.3%, 90.1%, and 90.6%, respectively, with sufficient prediction time prior to the critical events. The models in this study demonstrate high accuracy in predicting transitions between different locomotion modes in the same side’s mid- to late stance of the stride prior to the step into the new mode using data from EMG and IMU sensors. Our results may help assistive devices achieve smooth and seamless transitions in different locomotion modes for those with motor disorders.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/22/7473critical gait eventslocomotion modeexoskeleton control |
| spellingShingle | Binbin Su Yi-Xing Liu Elena M. Gutierrez-Farewik Locomotion Mode Transition Prediction Based on Gait-Event Identification Using Wearable Sensors and Multilayer Perceptrons Sensors critical gait events locomotion mode exoskeleton control |
| title | Locomotion Mode Transition Prediction Based on Gait-Event Identification Using Wearable Sensors and Multilayer Perceptrons |
| title_full | Locomotion Mode Transition Prediction Based on Gait-Event Identification Using Wearable Sensors and Multilayer Perceptrons |
| title_fullStr | Locomotion Mode Transition Prediction Based on Gait-Event Identification Using Wearable Sensors and Multilayer Perceptrons |
| title_full_unstemmed | Locomotion Mode Transition Prediction Based on Gait-Event Identification Using Wearable Sensors and Multilayer Perceptrons |
| title_short | Locomotion Mode Transition Prediction Based on Gait-Event Identification Using Wearable Sensors and Multilayer Perceptrons |
| title_sort | locomotion mode transition prediction based on gait event identification using wearable sensors and multilayer perceptrons |
| topic | critical gait events locomotion mode exoskeleton control |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/22/7473 |
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