First Report of <i>Anopheles annularis s.l.</i>, <i>An. maculatus s.s.</i>, and <i>An. culicifacies s.l.</i> as Malaria Vectors and a New Occurrence Record for <i>An. pseudowillmori</i> and <i>An. sawadwongporni</i> in Alipurduar District Villages, West Bengal, India
A comprehensive entomological survey was undertaken in Alipurduar District, West Bengal, from 2018 to 2020 and in 2022. This study was prompted by reported malaria cases and conducted across nine villages, seven Sub-Centres, and three Primary Health Centres (PHCs). Mosquitoes were hand-collected wit...
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2024-01-01
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| author | Jadab Rajkonwar Varun Shende Ananta Kumar Maji Apoorva Pandey Puran K. Sharma Kasinathan Gunasekaran Sarala K. Subbarao Dibya Ranjan Bhattacharyya Kamaraju Raghavendra Rocky Pebam Vijay Mayakrishnan Phiroz Gogoi Susmita Senapati Pallabi Sarkar Saurav Biswas Daniel Debbarma Tulika Nirmolia Sasmita Rani Jena Bahniman Bayan Pinki Talukder Ashwarya Kumari Sihag Himadri Sankar Bharali Anisha Verma Kongkon Mahanta Gonsalo Sumer Ranjan Karmakar Saurav Jyoti Patgiri Supriya Chaudhuri Sumit Ganguli Harpreet Kaur Tapas K. Bhattacharyya Pyare Laal Joshi Bidhan Goswami Kalpana Baruah Sanghamitra Pati Kanwar Narain Ipsita Pal Bhowmick |
| author_facet | Jadab Rajkonwar Varun Shende Ananta Kumar Maji Apoorva Pandey Puran K. Sharma Kasinathan Gunasekaran Sarala K. Subbarao Dibya Ranjan Bhattacharyya Kamaraju Raghavendra Rocky Pebam Vijay Mayakrishnan Phiroz Gogoi Susmita Senapati Pallabi Sarkar Saurav Biswas Daniel Debbarma Tulika Nirmolia Sasmita Rani Jena Bahniman Bayan Pinki Talukder Ashwarya Kumari Sihag Himadri Sankar Bharali Anisha Verma Kongkon Mahanta Gonsalo Sumer Ranjan Karmakar Saurav Jyoti Patgiri Supriya Chaudhuri Sumit Ganguli Harpreet Kaur Tapas K. Bhattacharyya Pyare Laal Joshi Bidhan Goswami Kalpana Baruah Sanghamitra Pati Kanwar Narain Ipsita Pal Bhowmick |
| author_sort | Jadab Rajkonwar |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | A comprehensive entomological survey was undertaken in Alipurduar District, West Bengal, from 2018 to 2020 and in 2022. This study was prompted by reported malaria cases and conducted across nine villages, seven Sub-Centres, and three Primary Health Centres (PHCs). Mosquitoes were hand-collected with aspirators and flashlights from human dwellings and cattle sheds during the daytime. Both morphological and molecular techniques were used for species identification. Additionally, mosquitoes were tested for <i>Plasmodium</i> parasites and human blood presence. Mosquito species such as <i>An. barbirostris s.l.</i>, <i>An. hyrcanus s.l.</i>, <i>An. splendidus</i>, and <i>An. vagus</i> were morphologically identified. For species like <i>An. annularis s.l.</i>, <i>An. minimus s.s.</i>, <i>An. culicifacies s.l.</i>, and <i>An. maculatus s.s</i>., a combination of morphological and molecular techniques was essential. The mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase gene subunit 1 (CO1) was sequenced for <i>An. annularis s.l.</i>, <i>An. maculatus s.s.</i>, <i>An. culicifacies s.l.</i>, <i>An. vagus</i>, and some damaged samples, revealing the presence of <i>An. pseudowillmori</i> and <i>An. fluviatilis</i>. The major <i>Anopheles</i> species were <i>An. annularis s.l</i>., <i>An. culicifacies s.l.</i>, and <i>An. maculatus s.s</i>., especially in Kumargram and Turturi PHCs. <i>Plasmodium</i> positivity was notably high in <i>An. annularis s.l.</i> and <i>An. maculatus s.s.</i> with significant human blood meal positivity across most species. Morphological, molecular, and phylogenetic analyses are crucial, especially for archived samples, to accurately identify the mosquito fauna of a region. Notably, this study confirms the first occurrence of <i>An. pseudowillmori</i> and <i>An. sawadwongporni</i> in West Bengal and implicates <i>An. maculatus s.s</i>., <i>An. culicifacies s.l.</i>, and <i>An. annularis s.l.</i> as significant vectors in the Alipurduar region. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T09:50:57Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-7d516e6b37904068a2f5da663a84d447 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2607 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T09:50:57Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Microorganisms |
| spelling | doaj.art-7d516e6b37904068a2f5da663a84d4472024-01-29T14:06:14ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072024-01-011219510.3390/microorganisms12010095First Report of <i>Anopheles annularis s.l.</i>, <i>An. maculatus s.s.</i>, and <i>An. culicifacies s.l.</i> as Malaria Vectors and a New Occurrence Record for <i>An. pseudowillmori</i> and <i>An. sawadwongporni</i> in Alipurduar District Villages, West Bengal, IndiaJadab Rajkonwar0Varun Shende1Ananta Kumar Maji2Apoorva Pandey3Puran K. Sharma4Kasinathan Gunasekaran5Sarala K. Subbarao6Dibya Ranjan Bhattacharyya7Kamaraju Raghavendra8Rocky Pebam9Vijay Mayakrishnan10Phiroz Gogoi11Susmita Senapati12Pallabi Sarkar13Saurav Biswas14Daniel Debbarma15Tulika Nirmolia16Sasmita Rani Jena17Bahniman Bayan18Pinki Talukder19Ashwarya Kumari Sihag20Himadri Sankar Bharali21Anisha Verma22Kongkon Mahanta23Gonsalo Sumer24Ranjan Karmakar25Saurav Jyoti Patgiri26Supriya Chaudhuri27Sumit Ganguli28Harpreet Kaur29Tapas K. Bhattacharyya30Pyare Laal Joshi31Bidhan Goswami32Kalpana Baruah33Sanghamitra Pati34Kanwar Narain35Ipsita Pal Bhowmick36Regional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, IndiaRegional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, IndiaDistrict Health & Family Welfare Samiti, Alipurduar 736121, IndiaIndian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Ramalingaswami Bhavan, New Delhi 110029, IndiaDepartment of Health & Family Welfare, Govt of West Bengal, Alipurduar 736121, IndiaICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Indira Nagar, Puducherry 605006, IndiaICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector-8, Dwarka, New Delhi 110077, IndiaRegional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, IndiaICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector-8, Dwarka, New Delhi 110077, IndiaNorthEast Space Application Centre (NESAC), Department of Space, Government of India, Umiam 793103, IndiaRegional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, IndiaRegional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, IndiaRegional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, IndiaRegional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, IndiaRegional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, IndiaNorthEast Space Application Centre (NESAC), Department of Space, Government of India, Umiam 793103, IndiaNational Health Mission, Bishwanath Charali 784176, IndiaRegional Office of Health and Family Welfare, Kolkata 700106, IndiaRegional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, IndiaRegional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, IndiaRegional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, IndiaRegional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, IndiaRegional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, IndiaRegional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, IndiaRegional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, IndiaRegional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, IndiaRegional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, IndiaDistrict Health & Family Welfare Samiti, Alipurduar 736121, IndiaDistrict Health & Family Welfare Samiti, Alipurduar 736121, IndiaIndian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Ramalingaswami Bhavan, New Delhi 110029, IndiaRegional Office of Health and Family Welfare, Kolkata 700106, IndiaDirectorate of National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Delhi 110054, IndiaAgartala Govt Medical College, Agartala 799006, IndiaDirectorate of National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, Delhi 110054, IndiaRegional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, IndiaRegional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, IndiaRegional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region (RMRC-NE)-ICMR, Dibrugarh 786001, IndiaA comprehensive entomological survey was undertaken in Alipurduar District, West Bengal, from 2018 to 2020 and in 2022. This study was prompted by reported malaria cases and conducted across nine villages, seven Sub-Centres, and three Primary Health Centres (PHCs). Mosquitoes were hand-collected with aspirators and flashlights from human dwellings and cattle sheds during the daytime. Both morphological and molecular techniques were used for species identification. Additionally, mosquitoes were tested for <i>Plasmodium</i> parasites and human blood presence. Mosquito species such as <i>An. barbirostris s.l.</i>, <i>An. hyrcanus s.l.</i>, <i>An. splendidus</i>, and <i>An. vagus</i> were morphologically identified. For species like <i>An. annularis s.l.</i>, <i>An. minimus s.s.</i>, <i>An. culicifacies s.l.</i>, and <i>An. maculatus s.s</i>., a combination of morphological and molecular techniques was essential. The mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase gene subunit 1 (CO1) was sequenced for <i>An. annularis s.l.</i>, <i>An. maculatus s.s.</i>, <i>An. culicifacies s.l.</i>, <i>An. vagus</i>, and some damaged samples, revealing the presence of <i>An. pseudowillmori</i> and <i>An. fluviatilis</i>. The major <i>Anopheles</i> species were <i>An. annularis s.l</i>., <i>An. culicifacies s.l.</i>, and <i>An. maculatus s.s</i>., especially in Kumargram and Turturi PHCs. <i>Plasmodium</i> positivity was notably high in <i>An. annularis s.l.</i> and <i>An. maculatus s.s.</i> with significant human blood meal positivity across most species. Morphological, molecular, and phylogenetic analyses are crucial, especially for archived samples, to accurately identify the mosquito fauna of a region. Notably, this study confirms the first occurrence of <i>An. pseudowillmori</i> and <i>An. sawadwongporni</i> in West Bengal and implicates <i>An. maculatus s.s</i>., <i>An. culicifacies s.l.</i>, and <i>An. annularis s.l.</i> as significant vectors in the Alipurduar region.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/12/1/95<i>An. annularis s.l.</i><i>An. maculatus s.s.</i><i>An. culicifacies</i><i>An. pseudowillmori</i><i>An. sawadwongporni</i>first report |
| spellingShingle | Jadab Rajkonwar Varun Shende Ananta Kumar Maji Apoorva Pandey Puran K. Sharma Kasinathan Gunasekaran Sarala K. Subbarao Dibya Ranjan Bhattacharyya Kamaraju Raghavendra Rocky Pebam Vijay Mayakrishnan Phiroz Gogoi Susmita Senapati Pallabi Sarkar Saurav Biswas Daniel Debbarma Tulika Nirmolia Sasmita Rani Jena Bahniman Bayan Pinki Talukder Ashwarya Kumari Sihag Himadri Sankar Bharali Anisha Verma Kongkon Mahanta Gonsalo Sumer Ranjan Karmakar Saurav Jyoti Patgiri Supriya Chaudhuri Sumit Ganguli Harpreet Kaur Tapas K. Bhattacharyya Pyare Laal Joshi Bidhan Goswami Kalpana Baruah Sanghamitra Pati Kanwar Narain Ipsita Pal Bhowmick First Report of <i>Anopheles annularis s.l.</i>, <i>An. maculatus s.s.</i>, and <i>An. culicifacies s.l.</i> as Malaria Vectors and a New Occurrence Record for <i>An. pseudowillmori</i> and <i>An. sawadwongporni</i> in Alipurduar District Villages, West Bengal, India Microorganisms <i>An. annularis s.l.</i> <i>An. maculatus s.s.</i> <i>An. culicifacies</i> <i>An. pseudowillmori</i> <i>An. sawadwongporni</i> first report |
| title | First Report of <i>Anopheles annularis s.l.</i>, <i>An. maculatus s.s.</i>, and <i>An. culicifacies s.l.</i> as Malaria Vectors and a New Occurrence Record for <i>An. pseudowillmori</i> and <i>An. sawadwongporni</i> in Alipurduar District Villages, West Bengal, India |
| title_full | First Report of <i>Anopheles annularis s.l.</i>, <i>An. maculatus s.s.</i>, and <i>An. culicifacies s.l.</i> as Malaria Vectors and a New Occurrence Record for <i>An. pseudowillmori</i> and <i>An. sawadwongporni</i> in Alipurduar District Villages, West Bengal, India |
| title_fullStr | First Report of <i>Anopheles annularis s.l.</i>, <i>An. maculatus s.s.</i>, and <i>An. culicifacies s.l.</i> as Malaria Vectors and a New Occurrence Record for <i>An. pseudowillmori</i> and <i>An. sawadwongporni</i> in Alipurduar District Villages, West Bengal, India |
| title_full_unstemmed | First Report of <i>Anopheles annularis s.l.</i>, <i>An. maculatus s.s.</i>, and <i>An. culicifacies s.l.</i> as Malaria Vectors and a New Occurrence Record for <i>An. pseudowillmori</i> and <i>An. sawadwongporni</i> in Alipurduar District Villages, West Bengal, India |
| title_short | First Report of <i>Anopheles annularis s.l.</i>, <i>An. maculatus s.s.</i>, and <i>An. culicifacies s.l.</i> as Malaria Vectors and a New Occurrence Record for <i>An. pseudowillmori</i> and <i>An. sawadwongporni</i> in Alipurduar District Villages, West Bengal, India |
| title_sort | first report of i anopheles annularis s l i i an maculatus s s i and i an culicifacies s l i as malaria vectors and a new occurrence record for i an pseudowillmori i and i an sawadwongporni i in alipurduar district villages west bengal india |
| topic | <i>An. annularis s.l.</i> <i>An. maculatus s.s.</i> <i>An. culicifacies</i> <i>An. pseudowillmori</i> <i>An. sawadwongporni</i> first report |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/12/1/95 |
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